BPSC (Mains) General Studies Paper - I with Solutions 2019 | BPSC Previous Year Papers - BPSC (Bihar) PDF Download

Q1: Describe the significance of Gandhiji’s social and cultural thoughts.
Ans:

• Gandhian philosophy encompasses the religious and social principles developed by Gandhi during his time in South Africa (1893-1914) and later in India. This philosophy is not confined to politics, morals, or religion; rather, it combines both traditional and modern ideas, simple and complex. While it draws from Western influences that Gandhi encountered, it is deeply rooted in ancient Indian culture, emphasizing universal moral and religious values.
• At the heart of Gandhian thought are two key principles: truth and nonviolence. Gandhi’s concept of truth is twofold: it includes the relative truth of being truthful in words and actions, as well as the absolute truth, which is the ultimate reality, represented by God. For Gandhi, God and Truth are inseparable. Morality, grounded in moral laws and principles, forms the foundation of Gandhian thought. Nonviolence, according to Gandhi, goes beyond merely refraining from violence; it is an active form of love that opposes all forms of violence, promoting peace and harmony in every sense. For Gandhi, the welfare of individuals, not systems or institutions, is the ultimate goal of social and cultural ideals.

Several important concepts are central to Gandhian social and political thought:

• Political decentralization: Gandhi advocated for distributing political power widely to avoid its concentration in the hands of a few. His ideal political system is one of direct, participatory democracy, which functions at multiple levels—from the village up to the national and international stages.
• Economic decentralization: Similarly, Gandhi stressed the importance of dispersing economic power to avoid monopolies and ensure that wealth is shared broadly. He viewed villages as the basic economic units, inherently decentralized.

In terms of educational development in Bihar, significant milestones occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After Patna College, it was decided to set up a separate institution for professional education. In 1886, a survey training school was founded, which eventually became Bihar School of Engineering in 1900.
A major milestone came in 1917 when Patna University was established. Between 1917 and 1940, a series of institutions were set up to spread both professional and general education. Bihar School of Engineering introduced a graduate-level curriculum in 1927 and was renamed Bihar College of Engineering in 1932. In 1927, a science department was created at Patna College, which became a separate institution, Patna Science College, in 1928 under the patronage of Viceroy Lord Irwin. The first women’s college in Bihar, Patna Women's College, was founded in 1940.

Q2: Discuss the development of western education in Bihar from 1857 AD to 1947AD.
Ans:

• Bihar has a rich and long-standing tradition of organized education and intellectual development. From the early days of human civilization, this region has played a key role in promoting education and enlightenment. Mithila, for example, was a prominent center of learning during the Vedic period. In the 5th century BC, Buddhist and Jain education systems also took root here, marking the beginning of educational practices that were not confined to religious themes but were open to the broader public.
• A survey report by W. Adams from 1837-38 noted that Bihar’s education system was quite advanced for its time, with schools present in almost every village. The curriculum was well-developed, and libraries were well-stocked with books and manuscripts covering various languages and subjects.
• In the early years of British rule, there was little focus on the education system in India. However, a significant change occurred in 1835 with the introduction of Macaulay's Minutes on Education, which had a direct influence on the content, teaching methods, and language of instruction in Indian schools. This change was approved by the Governor-General, Lord William Bentinck, and marked a shift away from traditional educational systems in favor of English-language instruction.
• While the number of English schools and colleges in Bihar was still limited, the region was not as heavily affected by these changes. A further significant development came in 1854 with the introduction of Wood's Dispatch, which aimed to spread knowledge of English, science, and other European languages. A key recommendation of the Dispatch was the establishment of universities in each of the three presidencies—Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. As a result, the University of Calcutta was founded in 1857, and Bihar, being part of Calcutta University, saw the establishment of Patna College on January 9, 1863. From its founding until 1917, Patna College was affiliated with the University of Calcutta.
• The Santhal Revolt of 1855 was another crucial event in Bihar’s history. It marked the first major peasant revolt in India, led by the four Murmu brothers—Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, and Bhairav. The rebellion was triggered by the British policy of Permanent Land Settlement of 1793, which caused widespread exploitation of the Santhal community.

Several factors contributed to the Santhal Revolt:

• The oppressive actions of zamindars, police, revenue officials, and courts, who extorted excessive taxes, high-interest loans, and seized property from the Santhals.
• The British Forest Policy, which restricted the Santhals’ access to forest resources, causing frustration and resentment.
• The spread of Christianity, which threatened the Santhals' traditional beliefs and customs, especially with the arrival of Christian missionaries under the Charter Act of 1813.
• British regulations that undermined the traditional dispute resolution systems within the Santhal community.
• The high interest rates charged by moneylenders, who were referred to as "Dikus" by the Santhals, meaning "exploiters."
• The forced labor required of the Santhals for the construction of railways and other colonial infrastructure, which added to their dissatisfaction with British rule.

The results of the Santhal Revolt were significant:

• The region between Bhagalpur and Rajmahal Hills in the Singhbhum district was carved out as Santhal Pargana, a Non-Regulation district. This was in recognition of the Santhal community's struggles, and it led to the establishment of more uniform administration for the tribe.
• The revolt brought the Santhals together, unifying them in their opposition to British rule. Before the rebellion, the Santhals were loosely connected, but the revolt helped them realize the power of solidarity.
• The Santhal Tenancy Protection Act was introduced, offering some protection from exploitation by the colonial government. Additionally, the headmen of villages were given more authority to maintain law and order, replacing the regular police force.
• This revolt not only played a crucial role in the history of Bihar but also contributed to the broader context of India’s resistance to colonial rule.

Q3: Discuss the contribution of Bihar to the Uprising of 1857 AD.
Ans: The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a large-scale uprising against the British East India Company, which was essentially acting as a proxy government for the British crown in India. This mutiny marked the first major organized resistance against the British East India Company. What began as a rebellion by the sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the Company's army soon gained the support of the wider population. The revolt is known by various names, including the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence. The causes of the mutiny were multifaceted, involving socio-economic, political, religious, and military factors.

Bihar played a significant role in the events of 1857:

• The rebellion in Bihar began in the Deoghar district (now in Jharkhand) on June 12, 1857, where two British officers, Lieutenant Norman Leslie and Sergeant Dr. Grant, were attacked by sepoys. However, the revolt was quickly suppressed by British forces under McDonald.
• One of the most prominent figures in Bihar’s contribution to the mutiny was Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur. He led a group of around 4,000 soldiers and achieved several victories, including the capture of Arrah in July 1857. Later, with the help of Nana Saheb, he defeated British forces at Azamgarh.
• The revolt at Danapur Cantonment on July 25, 1857, marked the beginning of widespread resistance in Bihar. However, the Maharajas of Darbhanga, Duinrao, and Hatwa, along with other local landlords, sided with the British and provided manpower and resources to suppress the revolt.
• In Patna, a bookbinder named Pir Ali initiated the revolt on July 3, 1857, while Waris Ali, a jamaadar (head constable) at Baruraj police station in Muzaffarpur, was arrested in June for writing seditious letters in support of the rebels. Waris Ali was tried and hanged on July 7, 1857, for his involvement.

Despite the valiant efforts of many, the mutiny ultimately failed to achieve its objectives, especially in Bihar. This was due to the limited scope of the revolt, ineffective leadership, insufficient resources, and the lack of participation from the middle class. While the Revolt of 1857 did not succeed, it was a crucial event in Indian history. Though it began as a sepoy mutiny, it was driven by the accumulated grievances of the Indian people against the oppressive rule of the British East India Company and their dissatisfaction with foreign rule.

Q4: Evaluate the causes and results of Revolt ofSanthal (1855-56) in Bihar.
Ans:

• The Santhal Rebellion was a revolt by the Santhal tribe against the British East India Company (BEIC) and the oppressive zamindari system in what is now Jharkhand and the erstwhile Bihar. It began on June 30, 1855, and on November 10, 1855, the British East India Company declared martial law, which remained in effect for some time.
• Gandhi's philosophy emphasizes the importance of a deep respect for nature, which necessitates an economic system focused on preserving, rather than exploiting, the environment. In a world facing climate change and global warming, these eco-friendly principles are more relevant than ever.
• Gandhi also emphasized the dignity of labor and the purity of rural life. He advocated for self-reliance at the individual, village, regional, and national levels, highlighting the importance of independence. This concept of self-sufficiency becomes even more significant today, as we saw during the pandemic, when essential goods were not shared due to selfishness and global competition.
• Another key idea in Gandhian thought is Sarvodaya, which is based on the concept of Trusteeship. The core objective of this idea is to establish nonviolent and non-exploitative relationships regarding property. Gandhi believed that the concepts of ownership and private property often lead to violence and are in direct contradiction to the Divine reality, which holds that all wealth belongs to all people. The greed for resources, seen both globally and locally, leads to exploitation, particularly of the weak.
• Gandhian philosophy also promotes tolerance for all religions. In today’s world, where violence is often committed in the name of religion, there is a greater need for individuals who are tolerant of different faiths. This tolerance can help counteract the rising ethnocentric biases and divisions in society, based on religion, caste, ethnicity, and region.

Q5: Describe to causes and results of Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar (1917).
Ans:

• Champaran Satyagraha was India’s first Civil Disobedience movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi to protest the injustice faced by tenant farmers in the Champaran district of Bihar. It is seen as a pivotal moment in the Indian freedom struggle.
• Champaran was part of a permanent settlement area where large zamindari estates were controlled by wealthy and influential landlords. Many villages in the region were leased to thikadars, the most powerful of whom were European Indigo planters.

Causes of the Champaran Satyagraha:

• The demand for indigo fell with the advent of synthetic dyes, which led zamindars and planters to offload their financial burdens by increasing the rent on peasants, worsening their already dire conditions.
• Farmers were paid a pittance for their indigo, and were often subjected to violence from the landlords’ militias. Even during a severe famine, the British government imposed heavy taxes, exacerbating their suffering.
• The peasants demanded the freedom to grow other crops instead of indigo. Although the planters agreed to allow this, they insisted on compensation for the change. Even after World War I, when synthetic dye was harder to obtain, the planters did not reduce the rent or provide compensation.
• The unbearable conditions led to protests, with peasants revolting in 1914 at Pipra and in 1916 at Turkaulia.

Outcomes of the Champaran Satyagraha:

• Upon arriving in Champaran, Gandhi defied the district magistrate’s order to leave, setting the stage for civil disobedience in India.
• The Champaran movement marked the beginning of mass involvement in the national freedom struggle. Gandhi instilled confidence in the people, showing them the power of nonviolent resistance through the technique of satyagraha.
• A committee was formed with representatives from all stakeholders to address the grievances of the peasants. Gandhi led this committee with dedication. The planters agreed to a 25% reduction in rent, though Gandhi had initially demanded a 40% reduction. The final agreement settled on 26%.
• The committee also recommended the abolition of the tinkathia system, allowing peasants to grow the crops of their choice. It also denounced the payment for indigo based on the area sown, rather than the actual yield.
• The peasants were relieved of all past debts, and the system of additional levies, fines, and other illegal charges was abolished.

Q6: Examine the salient features of Patna Kalam Painting Style.
Ans: The Patna School of Painting, also known as Patna Qalaam, Patna Kalam, or Company painting, was a distinctive style of Indian art that flourished in Bihar during the 18th and 19th centuries. It holds the distinction of being the world’s first independent painting school to focus exclusively on the lives and daily activities of ordinary people, which contributed significantly to its popularity. The main centers of this art form were Patna, Danapur, and Arrah.

Key Features of Patna Kalam:

• Patna Kalam was strongly influenced by Mughal painting, which blends Persian art with traditional Indian styles. The use of bright colors and fine lines in Patna Kalam was inspired by Mughal techniques, though the overall aesthetic was simpler.
• Unlike Mughal paintings, where the background and borders are just as important as the subject, Patna Kalam paintings minimized the significance of these elements. In these paintings, the subject itself took center stage, and the background and borders were often left plain or white.
• The paintings often depicted the everyday lives of laborers and common people, such as fish sellers, basket weavers, and street vendors, rather than royalty or historical events.
• Patna Kalam includes early works like Patnia Ekka (horse-cart of Patna), which is the oldest known style in this genre. Some of the most celebrated works include Shivlala’s Muslim Wedding, Gopal Lai’s Holi, and Mahadev Lai’s Rani Gandhati.
• Another notable feature of Patna Kalam was its focus on the subject itself, with little to no emphasis on landscape, foreground, or background. Artists painted directly with a brush, without outlining the contours with a pencil, a technique known as Kajli Seahi.
• The colors used in Patna Kalam paintings were often extracted from indigenous plants, flowers, tree barks, and metals, giving the paintings a natural and earthy quality. The style is known for its life-like depictions and light-colored sketches.
• Unlike the opulent Mughal miniatures that often featured royal figures, Patna Kalam painters chose to capture the life of ordinary people, reflecting the social realities of the time.
• During the British colonial period, British collectors purchased Patna Kalam paintings as souvenirs, which helped introduce this unique style to the Western world. Many of the masterpieces are now housed in museums outside India, particularly in Britain.
• Today, Patna Kalam paintings can be seen in museums such as the Patna Museum, College of Arts and Crafts Patna, and the Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library. However, many notable works remain in private collections, especially abroad.
• Some of the celebrated artists of the Patna Kalam tradition include Sewak Ram (1770-1830), Hulas Lai (1785-1875), Jairam Das, Fakir Chand, Jhumak Lai, Nityanand Lai, Tunni Lai, Shiv Lai, Shiva Lai, Mahadeo Lai, and Shyam Bihari Lai, among others.

Q7: Explain the BIMSTEC organization. Throw light on the outcomes of recently concluded Kathmandu Summit of BIMSTEC countries. Discuss the issues related to India's interests, hopes and grievances.
Ans:

• The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organization that includes seven nations from South Asia and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Together, these countries account for a population of 1.73 billion and a combined GDP of $3.8 trillion. The member states rely heavily on the Bay of Bengal for their economic and regional development.
• The primary objectives of BIMSTEC are to create a supportive environment for rapid economic growth within the region, foster equality and partnership, and encourage collaboration and mutual support in areas of common interest. It also emphasizes accelerating progress in fields such as education, science, and technology.

BIMSTEC focuses on 14 key priority sectors, which are:

1. Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime
2. Transport & Communication
3. Tourism
4. Environment and Disaster Management
5. Trade and Investment
6. Cultural Cooperation
7. Energy
8. Agriculture
9. Poverty Alleviation
10. Technology
11. Fisheries
12. Public Health
13. People-to-People Contact
14. Climate Change

Each member country takes responsibility for specific sectors, with India leading four key areas:

• Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime: Terrorism is a major challenge to peace and stability in the region. BIMSTEC is actively working to strengthen cooperation in addressing this issue through its various sub-groups.
• Transport & Communication: Improving regional connectivity is essential for achieving shared goals of growth, employment, and prosperity. BIMSTEC leaders have emphasized multi-modal connectivity and are exploring agreements like a Motor Vehicles Agreement. A Master Plan on BIMSTEC Connectivity is also under development.
• Tourism: The region has immense potential due to its ancient civilizations, cultural linkages, historical landmarks, and natural beauty. The BIMSTEC Tourism Information Centre in Delhi, established in 2007, works to promote tourism initiatives like the Buddhist Tourist Circuit and luxury cruises.
• Environment and Disaster Management: The region is highly vulnerable to natural disasters. BIMSTEC is focused on building capacity for coordinated disaster response, risk reduction, and sustainable development. In 2014, the BIMSTEC Summit resolved to enhance cooperation in environmental protection and disaster management efforts.

BIMSTEC plays a vital role in fostering regional cooperation, improving connectivity, and promoting sustainable development among its member nations.

Q8: Critically examine the Rohingya Refugee Crisis. Describe the role of Myanmar, China, India and Bangladesh in evolution and resolution of the crisis. Throw light on the violation of Human Rights in context to Rohingya Refugees.
Ans:

• The Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic minority group that has lived in predominantly Buddhist Myanmar (formerly Burma) for centuries. Despite their long history in the country, they are not recognized as an official ethnic group and have been denied citizenship since 1982, making them the world’s largest stateless population.
• As a stateless community, the Rohingya are denied basic rights and legal protection, leaving them highly vulnerable to exploitation, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and various forms of abuse.
• The Rohingya have endured decades of discrimination, persecution, and violence in Myanmar. The most significant exodus began in August 2017, following widespread violence in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. This forced over 700,000 people, including children, to flee to Bangladesh. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), around one million Rohingya refugees have been registered—mostly in Bangladesh (860,000), but also in Malaysia (101,000) and India (18,000), with smaller groups in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand, and other countries.
• The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), which includes Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and Thailand, has been largely ineffective in addressing this issue. While neither India nor Bangladesh has signed the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention, both have provided shelter and support to Rohingya refugees. Occasionally, non-governmental actors in Bangladesh, India, and Malaysia have tried to push their governments to offer greater protection to the Rohingya.
• Although Sri Lanka and India have remained relatively silent on the issue at the national level, Bangladesh has taken steps to pressure Myanmar to reconsider its policies toward the Rohingya. Despite a bilateral agreement between the two countries for Rohingya repatriation, progress has stalled, as Myanmar has failed to honor its commitments. Additionally, the Rohingya are hesitant to return without reassurances of safety from Myanmar’s military. In India, efforts by civil rights groups and media outlets to challenge a Supreme Court ruling permitting the deportation of Rohingyas back to Myanmar have so far failed to influence the government’s stance.
• Meanwhile, China has taken a distinct approach, seeking to mediate the issue by promoting bilateral dialogue between Bangladesh and Myanmar instead of internationalizing the crisis. China has expressed its intention to encourage Myanmar to resolve the situation.
• While host countries have offered humanitarian assistance, most South Asian states have neither condemned Myanmar’s treatment of the Rohingya nor applied sufficient pressure on its government to address the root causes of the crisis. This reflects the complex political challenges these nations face in balancing domestic and international considerations.

Q9: What is the two plus two dialogue? Clear the two plus two dialogue between India and the USA in context to India and Iran bilateral relations.
Ans: A ‘two plus two dialogue’ is a term commonly used in international diplomacy to describe a mechanism for dialogue between the defense and external affairs ministries of two countries. In simple terms, it refers to a meeting where the defense and external affairs ministers of two nations come together to discuss their strategic and security interests. The purpose is to facilitate a productive and diplomatic exchange between the two countries' leadership in these crucial areas.

India-US 2+2 Dialogue

• On September 1, 2021, India and the United States held a bilateral 2+2 inter-sessional meeting at the official level in Washington, DC. This meeting reviewed the progress made since the last 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue in October 2020 and prepared for the next dialogue scheduled for later in 2021.
• Both nations evaluated the advancements in their bilateral strategic partnership, which covers areas such as defense, public health, economic and commercial cooperation, science and technology, clean energy, climate finance, and people-to-people ties.
• Opportunities to enhance cooperation in emerging fields like space, cyber security, and new technologies were also discussed.
• A Joint Statement was released, highlighting the shared goals of India and the US in the Asia-Pacific region. The statement stressed that the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea should respect the legitimate rights and interests of all nations in line with international law.
• Certain challenges were acknowledged. For instance, the US has often expressed concern over India’s significant oil imports from Iraq, a topic that has been sensitive in the past. Similarly, India’s substantial defense procurement from Russia has been another contentious issue. Addressing these complex topics with clarity and understanding during the dialogue will be critical to the success of this bilateral engagement.

Q10: What do you know about NRC dispute? Illuminate the political intentions behind it. Discuss the international impacts of this issue also.
Ans: The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a record that lists the names of all genuine Indian citizens. Currently, Assam is the only state that has implemented such a register, but there are discussions about extending the exercise to other states. For instance, Nagaland is already working on a similar database called the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants. Additionally, the central government plans to create a National Population Register (NPR), which will include both demographic and biometric data of citizens.
The NRC in Assam was first established in 1951 to identify Indian citizens amid ongoing migration from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The register included individuals who were residing in India on January 26, 1950, those born in India, those with parents born in India, or individuals who had been living in the country for at least five years before the cutoff date. While Manipur and Tripura were also given approval to create their own NRCs, the process never materialized.

Political Intentions Behind NRC
The objectives of the NRC are often described as two fold:

• National Security: The NRC aims to identify and deport illegal immigrants who might engage in unlawful or anti-national activities. It is presented as a tool to enhance security by preventing neighboring countries from recruiting such individuals for anti-national purposes.
• Homogenization: There is speculation that the NRC aligns with the ideological vision of creating a Hindu Rashtra, reflecting the current political agenda. This involves population homogenization under the guise of security concerns.

Global Implications

• Internationally, the NRC has drawn criticism. Western nations, particularly the United States, tend to view India's policies through the lens of regional geopolitics, security, and trade. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has even suggested imposing sanctions on Indian leaders, though no such action has been taken so far.
• India's government has consistently maintained that the NRC and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) are purely domestic issues, despite the international and cross-border implications. For example, India recently criticized the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) for seeking to intervene in Supreme Court hearings related to the CAA.

The Current Scenario
India’s secular foundations and democratic values are under significant strain. It is crucial to ensure that constitutional principles are upheld and that any measures, such as the NRC, adhere to international norms and standards. As the world’s largest democracy, India is at a critical juncture and must navigate these challenges carefully.

Q11: Elucidate the international terrorism. How is the international community today trying to tight the menace of international terrorism? What is UNO’s contribution?
Ans: Terrorism is defined as the deliberate use of violence to instill widespread fear within a population, with the ultimate aim of achieving specific political goals. The concept is complex and often controversial, carrying a strong stigma due to its violent nature. Unlike conventional or guerrilla warfare, terrorism stands out because it relies heavily on fear to influence not just its immediate victims but also a broader audience.
International terrorism extends beyond national borders, either in the methods employed, the individuals targeted, or the operational bases of terrorist groups. Organizations like Al Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Syria and Iraq have both the intent and the capacity to carry out attacks against Western nations, making international cooperation crucial in combating this threat.

Countering International Terrorism Globally

• Establishing International Norms: International organizations, particularly the United Nations (UN), play a vital role in creating and enforcing legal frameworks. These frameworks form the basis for intergovernmental cooperation, ensuring terrorists are brought to justice and combating terrorism effectively.
• Facilitating Technical Cooperation: Various specialized global bodies focus on areas like terrorism financing, aviation security, and maritime safety. Their efforts in setting standards and fostering technical collaboration are essential in countering terrorism across borders.
• Capacity Building: The UN serves as a unique platform for supporting states in developing their abilities to combat terrorism. This includes coordinating efforts with regional and sub-regional organizations. For example, the United States must work collaboratively with other nations to identify and fund counterterrorism priorities globally, recognizing that its security is interconnected with that of the international community. The UN can help maximize limited resources and elevate the global capacity to address terrorism.
• Engaging with Non-Traditional Allies: The UN provides a forum for engaging not only traditional partners but also non-traditional allies to address challenges such as radicalization and extremism, which fuel acts of terrorism. This inclusive approach is crucial for countering Islamist terrorism and addressing broader issues for which no comprehensive global forum currently exists.

Tackling international terrorism requires a coordinated and collaborative global approach, leveraging resources, expertise, and partnerships to address this multifaceted challenge.

Q12: In a city of Maharashtra, the main mode of transport is the car. The following chart show s the population trends and car use trends during the period 2011-2016. Study the chart and answer the questions that follow:

(a) In 2014, if the females used 30% of the total cars, then what is the per capita use of cars by females in 2014? 
(b) What is the average percentage increase in number of cars over the period 2011-2016? 
(c) Find the year in which the ratio of males to that of females was the highest.
(d) If in 2012, 60% of cars are used by males, then w hat is the percentage of males and females w ho used car in the year 2012?
(e) In which year the ratio of male population to the number of cars in the city was lowest?
(f) With w hat percentage, the number of cars in the city was increased from 2011 to 2016?
Ans:

(a) Cars used in 2014 = 75,000Per capital use of cars by females in 2014 =(b)

(c)

Therefore, years in which ratio of males to that o f females highest = 2011
(d) Cars used in 2012 = 50,000
Males in 2012 = 70,000
Females in 2012 = 30,000
Cars used by males in 2012 = 30,000
Cars used by females in 2012 = 20,000
∴ Percentage o f males used car = 

Percentage of females used car =

(e)

From table, ratio of males to number of cars in city was increased in 2016
(f) Cars in 2011 =30,000
Cars in 2016 = 90,000

Q13: Study the following pie charts, which show the expenditure on various heads in the second and third Five-Year Plans (FYP) and answer the questions given below it:

(a) By w hat percent, the expenditure in irrigation increased in the third FY P in comparison to the second FYP?
(b) What is the ratio of expenditures in village industry in the second and third FYPs?
(c) By what amount, the expenditure in agriculture in the third FYP should have been increased or decreased so that to make it 2.5 times the expenditure in agriculture in the second FYP?
(d) By w hat percent, the expenditure in agriculture in the third FYP is higher or low er than the expenditure in industry and mining in the second FYP?
(e) By what amount, the expenditure in transportation and eomrminieation increased or decreased in the third FYP in comparison to second FYP?
(f) If the total expenditure in the fourth FYP is increased by 80% to that of the third FYP and the segment of expenditure on social service and miscellaneous makes an angle of 78° at the centre of pie chart for the fourth FY'P, then what will be the expenditure in social service and miscellaneous in the fourth FYP?
Ans: (a) Expenditure in second FYP =

Expenditure in third FYP =

Percentage increase = 92%

(b) Expenditure in village industry in second FYP = Expenditure in village industry in third FYP  = (c) Agriculture expenditure in third FYP =Mining expenditure in second FYP=Percentage decrease =(e) Expenditure in transportation and communication in third FYP =Expenditure in transportation and communication in second FYP =Percentage increase = 11.3 cr.

(f) Total expenditure in third FYP = 7500 cr

Expenditure increased in fourth FYP =Expenditure in social service & miscellaneous in fourth FYP =

Q14: Study the data given in the following multiple barchart, which shows the sex ratio in Madhya Pradesh during the period from 1901 to 1971 and answer the questions given below it:

(a) What are the ratios of females per 1000 males in rural and urban areas of Madhya Pradesh in 1941 and 1951 Census? In which year was it higher?
(b) What is the percentage change in females per 1000 males in urban areas of Madhya Pradesh in 1961 in comparison to 1931?
(c) C ompare the ratio of females per 1000 males in total and rural areas of Madhya Pradesh in 1911 and 1921 Census. In which year was it higher?
(d) In which census years, were the female sex ratio in urban areas of Madhya Pradesh highest and lowest? What is the difference between these two?
(e) If in 1931 Census, due to some error in counting 15 females per 1000 males were w rongly counted in urban area instead of rural area of Madhya Pradesh, then what should have been the actual percentage of females per 1000 males in urban area of Madhya Pradesh to that of rural area in 1931?
(f) If in 1971 Census, there were 90 crore males in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, then what is the difference between male and female population in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh in 1971? 6
Ans: (a)

(a) Ratio of females/1000 males in rural in 1941 = 975/900 = 1.08 Ratio of females/1000 males in urban in 1951 = 975/912.5 = 1.06 Higher ratio in year =1941
(b) Females per 1000 males in urban areas in 1931 - 875 Females per 1000 males in urban areas in 1961 - 862.5 

(c) Females per 1000 males total inFemales per 1000 males in rural areas in Ratio higher in year - 1911
(d) Lowest sex ratio in year 1961 - 862.5 Highest sex ratio in year 1901 -937.5 Difference between highest and lowest = 937.5 - 862.5 = 75 (e) Females per 1000 males in urban in 1931 - 865 Females per 1000 males in rural in 1931 - 980 New figures after adjusting wrong figures Females per 1000 males in urban in 1931 - 865 - 1 5 = 850 Females per 1000 males in rural in 1931 - 980 + 15 = 995 Actual Percentage o f females per 1000 males in urban areas to that o f rural areas in 1931 == 85%

(f) Males in rural areas in 1971 = 90 crore Difference between females and males in rural areas in 1971 =

Q15: Study the following line graph, which gives the Public Sector Banks advances (? in crores) to the three priority sectors, viz., agriculture, small-scale industries and other private sectors during the period from 1970 to 1976 and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What percentage of more advance was given by the public sector banks to small-scale industries in comparison to agriculture in 1971?
(b) Find the ratio of advance given by the public sector hanks to agriculture, small-scale industries and other private sectors in 1972.
(c) The total advance counted yearly from 1970 to 1976 by the public sector banks to small-scale industries is what percentage of that to agriculture? 6 (cl) If 40% of advance given to small-scale industries is utilized in cottage industry, what amount was utilized in cottage industry in 1975?
(e) Find the ratio of advances given by the public sector hanks at three occasions between 1970 to 1976, when it was equal for agriculture and small-scale industries. 6 (!) In which two years there was decrease in advance given by public sector banks to agriculture relative to the last year? Also find the percentage decrease in advance in these two years.
Ans: (a) A dvance to small scale industry' in 1971 = 5 0 cr Advance to agriculture in 1971 = 35 cr

(b) Advance given to other private sectors in 1972 = 10 cr Advance given to agriculture in 1972 = 45 cr Advance given to small scale industries in 1972 = 65 cr

Ratio = 45 : 65 : 1 0
9 : 1 3 :2
(c) Total advance to small scale industries from 1970- 1976 = 120 + 50 + 65 + 85+ 110+ 130 + 145 
= 705 cr Total advance to agriculture from 1970 - 1976 = 140 + 35 + 45 + 70 + 95+180+ 100 
= 655 cr
Percentage = (d) Advance to small scale industries in 1975 = 130 cr 40% o f small scale industries to cottage industries =

(e) Ratio of agriculture and small scale industry given equal advances from 1970-1976 = 80: 110: 140
= 8 : 11 : 14

(f)

Decrease in advance given by Public sector banks to agriculture relative to last year = 1971, 1976.