BPSC (Mains) General Studies Paper - I with Solutions 2023 | BPSC Previous Year Papers - BPSC (Bihar) PDF Download

Q1: Write short notes on the following:
(a) Government of India Act, 1858
Ans: The Government of India Act of 1858, passed by the British Parliament, marked a major shift in India’s governance. Before this legislation, India was under the control of the British East India Company. However, the Revolt of 1857 exposed the weaknesses of the existing system, compelling the British government to re-evaluate its approach. The Act brought an end to Company rule, transferring legislative and administrative powers directly to the British Crown. Known as the "Act for the Good Government of India," it laid the foundation for a new administrative structure in India.
Key Features of the Government of India Act, 1858:

• Transfer of Power: The Act formally ended the British East India Company's administration in India. Control was handed over to the British Crown, establishing India as a colony of the British Empire.
• Secretary of State for India: A new post, the Secretary of State for India, was created in the British Cabinet. This position held significant authority over Indian affairs. Lord Stanley became the first Secretary of State under the provisions of this Act.
• Viceroy and Governor-General: The office of the Governor-General of India was re-designated as the Viceroy of India, who acted as the Crown's representative.
• Indian Civil Services (ICS): The Act established provisions for recruiting civil servants to administer British India. The ICS, dominated by British officers, played a crucial role in governance.
• Religious Freedom: The Act ensured no new legislation would interfere with the religious practices and beliefs of Indians, thereby providing a degree of religious freedom.
• Council of India: A new advisory body, the Council of India, was formed to assist the Secretary of State in matters related to Indian governance. It consisted of 15 members.
• Administrative and Legal Changes: The Act abolished the East India Company's trading privileges and established a centralized administration under the Crown.

Despite these significant reforms, the Act did not address Indian aspirations for greater representation or self-governance. In the years that followed, additional laws were enacted to gradually include Indians in the administrative processes.

(b) Birsa Munda Movement
Ans: Birsa Munda, a young tribal leader and freedom fighter of the 19th century, emerged as a significant figure in the tribal regions of Bihar and Jharkhand. He rallied the tribal community to stand against British oppression and fought for laws that would secure their land rights. The movement he led is famously known as the Birsa Munda Movement.

Objectives of the Birsa Munda Movement:

• Protection of Tribal Land Rights: During British rule, tribal lands and forests were frequently encroached upon and converted for non-tribal use. The movement sought to defend the traditional land and forest rights of tribal communities.
• Revival of Religion and Culture: The British were actively converting tribals to Christianity, which threatened the tribal way of life. The movement aimed to restore and preserve tribal cultural traditions, religious practices, and beliefs.
• Social Equality and Justice: Tribals faced discrimination and social inequalities not just under British rule but also within the broader society. The movement aimed to address these injustices and promote equality.
• Political Autonomy: A key objective was to seek self-governance and independence from colonial rule, striving to establish governance systems rooted in tribal customs and values.

The Birsa Munda Movement successfully brought together various tribal groups, fostering unity and resilience. Through multiple uprisings, it challenged colonial exploitation and became a symbol of indigenous resistance. It also inspired future movements dedicated to social justice and freedom.

(c) Indigo Revolt
Ans: The Indigo Revolt, also known as Neel Bidroho in Bengali, was a farmers’ uprising against British planters who forced them to cultivate indigo under highly exploitative terms. This significant revolt took place in Bengal during 1859-1860.
Key Features of the Indigo Revolt:

• Under British rule, Indian peasants were already burdened by high rents, illegal taxes, arbitrary evictions, and unpaid labor. Many feared losing their livelihoods entirely. The forced cultivation of indigo further worsened their economic situation.
• The cultivation of indigo had begun on a large scale in Bengal and Bihar in 1777 CE, driven by the high global demand for blue dye. European planters, who monopolized the indigo trade, coerced Indian farmers into growing it by making fraudulent agreements. Farmers were compelled to grow indigo instead of essential food crops. They were given loans for their cultivation, but the exorbitant interest rates often led to debt traps and property confiscation. When farmers sought fair pricing for their indigo, they faced brutal repression.
• In response to these conditions, farmers collectively launched the Indigo Revolt in 1859. The revolt spread across several districts in Bengal. The protesting farmers adopted non-violent methods like mass protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience to voice their grievances.
• The movement garnered support from various sections of society, including Indian intellectuals and some British social reformers. This widespread attention and mounting public pressure eventually forced the British government to investigate the farmers' complaints.
• In 1860, the British Parliament passed the Indigo Commission Act, which aimed to establish fairer agreements between farmers and planters and to improve conditions on indigo plantations.
• The Indigo Revolt of 1859-1860 is often seen as the first organized strike by Indian peasants against British rule. It was fueled by years of exploitation and oppression by European planters and the colonial administration.

(d) Patna Kalam Painting
Ans: Patna Kalam painting is a distinctive style of Indian miniature art that emerged in Patna, Bihar, during the 18th century. Although influenced by Mughal court art, it diverged by focusing on the daily lives of common people rather than royal or courtly scenes. This art form is known for its bold use of colours, intricate detailing, and themes that reflect the cultural and social life of the region. British patrons were the primary buyers of these artworks, often purchasing them from Patna.
Features of Patna Kalam Painting:

• Artistic Techniques: Artists, known as Karkhanedars, used exceptionally fine brushes made from animal hair, typically squirrel hair. Colours were derived from natural mineral pigments and plant-based watercolours, including those made from flowers.
• Medium: Paintings were created on handmade paper, bamboo sheets, and ivory.
• Style: This art form features a two-dimensional approach, crafted freehand without borders. The use of vibrant and contrasting colours gives the paintings a striking, vivid appearance.
• Natural Dyes: The colours included natural dyes such as indigo, turmeric, and pomegranate rind.
• Themes: The paintings often depicted scenes from Hindu mythology, such as episodes from the lives of Krishna or the Ramayana. They also illustrated the everyday life of 18th-century Patna, including farmers working, women fetching water, and traders in bustling markets.

Over time, the art form declined as its patronage dwindled. Radha Mohan Babu, one of its last notable practitioners, established the Patna Art School to preserve and promote this unique style, helping it survive to some extent.

(e) Development of Caves in Eastern India in Ancient Time
Ans: The origins of cave architecture in India date back to the period between the 3rd century BCE and the 5th century CE, when Buddhist and Jain monks began using caves as places of worship and meditation. Below are some key features of cave development in Eastern India during ancient times:

• Role of Caves: The construction of caves in ancient Eastern India was deeply influenced by the region's religious, cultural, and architectural practices. These caves primarily served as monastic retreats, places of worship, and meditation centres.
• Association with Buddhism and Jainism: Eastern India was a significant hub for Buddhism and Jainism, and the caves were closely tied to the growth of these religions. They were designed as viharas (monastic complexes) and chaityas (prayer halls) to support the spiritual needs of monks.
• Rock-Cut Architecture: The caves were typically carved from solid rock, making them monolithic structures. The abundance of soft rock in the region made it easier to carve intricate cave complexes into hillsides and cliffs.
• Notable Examples:
  1. Ajanta Caves: Dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE, these caves are celebrated for their remarkable rock-cut architecture, murals, and sculptures, representing a pinnacle of ancient Indian art.
  2. Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves: Located near Bhubaneswar, Odisha, these Jain caves from the 2nd century BCE are renowned for their detailed carvings, inscriptions, and monastic cells.
  3. Ellora Caves: While situated in Maharashtra, the Ellora Caves (6th-9th century CE) demonstrate the coexistence of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions, showcasing the rich religious diversity of the time.
• Architectural and Artistic Features: The architecture of the caves reflected the religious and cultural symbolism of the era. Buddhist caves often included stupas, images of the Buddha, and scenes from his life. Jain caves depicted Tirthankaras and yakshas, with intricate carvings and symbolic motifs.
• Patronage: The construction of these caves was largely funded by rulers, wealthy merchants, and followers of Buddhism and Jainism, reflecting the devotion and prosperity of the period.
• Decline and Rediscovery: As Buddhism and Jainism declined in India, these caves fell into disuse and were gradually forgotten. They were later rediscovered by modern archaeologists and historians, reviving interest in their historical and cultural significance.

In summary, the development of caves in ancient Eastern India was closely tied to the flourishing Buddhist and Jain traditions. These remarkable structures reflect India’s glorious past and continue to stand as testaments to the country’s rich cultural heritage and architectural brilliance.

Q2: (a) Discuss the factors for the emergence of the Indian National Movement. How it give direction to the freedom struggle?
Ans: Nationalism is the aspiration of a group of people sharing the same race, culture, language, and other commonalities to achieve self-governance or sovereignty. A mass movement initiated by such a group to attain self-rule is referred to as a national movement.
The Indian National Movement began to take shape and gain momentum in the post-1857 Mutiny era, during the latter half of the 19th century. The key factors behind its rise were:
Causes of the Indian National Movement:

• Political, Economic, and Administrative Unification: The introduction of modern trade and industries at a national scale, along with the establishment of railways, telegraph systems, and unified postal services, connected different parts of the country. This enhanced communication fostered a sense of unity among the Indian population.
• Impact of Western Education: The spread of modern Western education in the 19th century introduced many Indians to secular, democratic, and nationalist ideas. This English-educated intelligentsia became the driving force behind political awakening, leading to the formation of the Indian National Congress to represent the collective demands of Indians.
• Socio-Religious Reform Movements: Reform initiatives like Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Atmiya Sabha, Prarthana Samaj, Young Bengal Movement, and Ramakrishna Mission worked to eradicate social evils such as caste discrimination, untouchability, child marriage, and illiteracy. These movements also aimed to bring about a sense of social equality and cultural reform.
• Development of Media: The advent of modern newspapers and magazines, in both English and vernacular languages, played a vital role in spreading nationalist ideas among the masses, enabling greater awareness and unity.
• British Exploitation: The exploitative policies of the British government, including economic oppression and social discrimination, forced Indians to demand their rights and organize politically.
• Inspiration from Global Movements: International events like the Russian Revolution, the French Revolution, and the American War of Independence inspired Indian leaders to intensify their struggle for self-rule.

Contributions of the National Movement to the Freedom Struggle:

• Articulation of Demands: The movement allowed Indians to clearly articulate demands for political representation, civil liberties, economic justice, and cultural autonomy.
• Mass Mobilization: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi used non-violent resistance, including civil disobedience and Satyagraha (truth force), to unite people and emphasize the moral strength of their cause. Protests, strikes, and demonstrations became common forms of resistance.
• Emergence of Visionary Leaders: The movement saw the rise of leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, and others, who gave direction and purpose to the freedom struggle.
• Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience: Indians adopted peaceful methods of protest like non-cooperation and civil disobedience, which became powerful tools against British authority.
• Common Goal and Unity: Despite religious, linguistic, and caste differences, Indians united under the common objective of achieving national sovereignty. This fostered brotherhood and a collective resolve to address grievances.

Conclusion: The Indian National Movement was a response to British colonial exploitation and internal socio-political factors. By articulating demands, mobilizing people, promoting non-violence, and fostering unity, it provided a solid foundation for India’s freedom struggle. The movement’s leaders and principles were instrumental in guiding the nation toward independence.

(b) Discuss the growth of colonial technical education in Bihar under various schemes of British rule. Critically analyze its impact.
Ans: After the 1857 rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct control over India, replacing the British East India Company (BEIC) and establishing the British Raj. While the BEIC had done little to advance education, the British administration, recognizing the need for educated and skilled workers to support their industries and administration, began to focus on improving education in India, especially technical education and the English language.
Growth of Technical Education in Colonial Bihar
The development of technical education in Bihar during the colonial period was shaped by several British initiatives aimed primarily at serving colonial interests:

• Patna School of Engineering (1886): Established in 1886, this institution marked the early stages of technical education in Bihar. Its primary purpose was to train skilled engineers to support British infrastructure projects. However, its impact remained limited due to its narrow focus on engineering.
• Technical Institutes for Industries: During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, technical institutes were established to cater to industries like textiles, engineering, and agriculture. These institutes offered vocational training to enhance productivity and meet the demands of British enterprises. The Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop, set up in 1862, became India's first fully-fledged railway workshop and a significant example of this effort.
• Impact of World Wars I and II: The global conflicts emphasized the need for skilled labour to support war-related production. In response, the British administration expanded technical education at the local level, establishing Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to train workers.
• Agricultural and Rural Development Schemes: Famine and population growth underscored the need for improved agricultural productivity. The British introduced schemes that provided technical knowledge to farmers, aiming to boost food security and rural development.
• Technical Education Act of 1948: This Act led to the establishment of engineering colleges and polytechnics in various states. While it was a step towards broadening technical education, it faced limitations due to inadequate funding and infrastructure.

Impact of Colonial Technical Education in Bihar
The effects of colonial technical education in Bihar were both positive and negative:

Positive Impacts:

1. Transfer of Western Technologies: Institutions like engineering colleges, ITIs, and polytechnics facilitated the transfer of modern technology to India, enabling the establishment of local technical education centres over time.
2. Diversification of Livelihoods: The focus on industrial and technical training reduced reliance on agriculture, offering alternative employment opportunities.
3. Shift in Lifestyle and Aspirations: Technical education and exposure to new technologies altered the lifestyles and ambitions of Indians.

Negative Impacts:

1. Colonial Interests Dominated: Technical education primarily served the needs of British industries rather than addressing local development requirements.
2. Exploitation of Workers: The industrial framework introduced by the British often resulted in exploitation. Poor working conditions, long hours, and a lack of safety measures worsened the plight of industrial workers, particularly those from marginalized sections of society.

Conclusion: The growth of technical education in colonial Bihar was driven by British schemes and policies that primarily served their own interests. While these initiatives addressed immediate needs and introduced modern technologies, they lacked a long-term vision for building a comprehensive and inclusive technical education system.

Q3: (a) Analyze the development of temples in North India in ancient times.
Ans: A temple is a structure dedicated to spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and offerings to God. In India, temples are primarily built in three architectural styles: the Nagara style, predominantly found in North India; the Dravidian style, common in South India; and the Vesara style, a blend of Nagara and Dravidian styles, primarily seen in Central India. The earliest Hindu temples were simple wooden structures and rock-cut monuments, with evidence of stone temples only emerging during the Gupta dynasty in the 5th century CE.

• Evolution of Temple Architecture in North India: Prehistoric and Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE): Archaeological findings from the Indus Valley Civilization suggest the worship of deities like Shiva and the Mother Goddess. However, no concrete evidence of temple construction from this period has been discovered.
• Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE): Often referred to as the "Golden Age" of Indian art and temple architecture, the Gupta period marked the construction of grand Hindu and Buddhist temples. These temples, primarily made of brick and stone, adhered to the Nagara style of architecture, featuring intricate carvings and sculptures. Notable examples include the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh and the Parvati Temple at Nachna Kuthara.
• Post-Gupta Period (6th–12th century CE): Following the decline of the Gupta Empire, regional dynasties developed distinct temple styles, with the Nagara style dominating in North India. This style is characterized by its curvilinear towers or shikharas. A prime example of this period is the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho.
• Rajput and Medieval Period (8th–18th century CE): During the medieval era, Rajput kingdoms introduced unique temple designs in northern and western India. These temples featured intricate carvings and also incorporated elements of fortification for defence. Rajput architecture blended local styles with influences from Central Asian and Persian cultures, resulting in a rich fusion of designs.
• Mughal Influence: The Mughal period introduced significant Islamic architectural elements into temple construction. Some temples from this era reflect a blend of Hindu and Islamic motifs, as seen in Akbari-style architecture. However, the Mughal era also saw the destruction of certain temples, such as those in Varanasi.
• British Colonial Period (18th–mid-20th century CE): Under British colonial rule, traditional temple construction persisted, but European architectural influences began to appear. The use of machinery became more common, resulting in temples that combined traditional Indian styles with colonial aesthetics.
• Cultural Significance: Temples in North India have profoundly shaped the region’s cultural, artistic, and spiritual identity. These architectural masterpieces, with their historical significance and intricate designs, continue to attract visitors worldwide, standing as a testament to India’s rich heritage.

(b) Describe Rabindranath Tagore’s ideas of society and cultures.
Ans: Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali-Indian poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer, and painter, lived from 1861 to 1941. His thoughts on society and culture were deeply rooted in humanism, universalism, and a profound celebration of diversity.

• Universalism and Humanism: Universalism, as a philosophy, highlights the significance of values like truth, justice, and honesty, which have universal relevance and importance. Humanism, on the other hand, is the belief that people's spiritual and emotional needs can be fulfilled without reliance on religion or the concept of God. Tagore strongly embraced these ideas, advocating for a world where people from different cultures, religions, and backgrounds could coexist peacefully and understand one another. He rejected the concept of narrow nationalism, emphasizing instead a broader sense of human identity that transcends artificial boundaries.
• Diversity and Plurality: Tagore celebrated the richness of diversity, which involves including people from various races, genders, castes, and religions. He also valued pluralism—the idea that multiple, often conflicting values can coexist and still hold fundamental truths. Tagore appreciated the unique customs, traditions, and languages of various communities, recognizing them as vital aspects of cultural richness.
• Education and Enlightenment: Tagore believed in the transformative power of education to foster harmony and understanding among people. He founded Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan, envisioning it as a space where students from diverse cultural backgrounds could come together to learn and share ideas. He advocated for an education system that promotes creativity, critical thinking, and a sense of global citizenship.
• Rural Revival and Sustainability: Concerned about the adverse effects of industrialization and urbanization on rural communities, Tagore emphasized the need for a balanced and sustainable relationship between urban and rural life. He believed in preserving the wisdom and traditions of rural communities while fostering their development.
• Emphasis on Art and Aesthetics: Tagore used his literary works, music, and plays to promote his vision of a harmonious society. His art sought to deepen understanding of human emotions and experiences, inspiring individuals to connect on a deeper level.
• Critique of Colonialism: Living during British colonial rule in India, Tagore was a vocal critic of imperialism and its detrimental impact on indigenous cultures. He stressed the importance of preserving and revitalizing local traditions and knowledge systems as a way to counter the cultural erosion caused by colonial domination.
• Women's Empowerment: Tagore was ahead of his time in his views on gender equality. He advocated for equal rights and opportunities for women, recognizing their intellectual and creative potential. His writings often featured strong, independent female characters that challenged societal norms and conventions.

In essence, Tagore’s philosophy reflected his deep respect for human dignity, diversity, and the potential for harmonious coexistence among different communities. His ideas continue to resonate both in India and around the world, inspiring people to embrace pluralism and work toward a more inclusive and enlightened society.

Q4: Write short notes on the following:
(a) Where was the 18th (National Scouts and Guides Jamboree organized? Describe its objectives.
Ans: On January 4, 2023, the President of India, Draupadi Murmu, inaugurated the 18th National Jamboree of the Bharat Scouts and Guides in Pali, Rajasthan.
The Bharat Scouts and Guides focus on character-building among boys and girls, regardless of their creed, race, or gender. The primary objectives of the 18th National Jamboree included:

• Promoting Scouting and Guiding: The Jamboree served as a platform to highlight the principles, values, and activities of the scouting and guiding movements. It aimed to raise awareness about the benefits of becoming a scout or guide. To accommodate participants from across the country, a "smart village" was created, spanning 220 hectares at Nimble Village. The venue included 3,500 tents to host the attendees.
• Fostering Unity and Friendship: The event aimed to build a sense of unity and camaraderie among participants. It provided scouts and guides the opportunity to interact and build connections with peers from different regions, fostering national and international understanding. Over 35,000 scouts and guides from across the country participated in the event.
• Personal Growth: Through various activities, participants had opportunities to enhance their personal development. Scouts and guides gained new skills, improved their leadership capabilities, and cultivated a sense of responsibility.
• Adventure and Outdoor Activities: The Jamboree included a variety of outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, water sports, and team-building challenges. These activities encouraged participants to connect with nature and fostered an appreciation for the environment.
• Cultural Exchange: The event brought together participants from diverse backgrounds, creating opportunities for cultural exchange. Scouts and guides shared their traditions, customs, and perspectives, promoting mutual understanding and tolerance.
• Citizenship and Community Service: The Jamboree also emphasized the importance of active citizenship and social responsibility through community service projects, reinforcing the value of giving back to society.

The 18th National Jamboree highlighted the core values of the Bharat Scouts and Guides, serving as a significant platform for personal growth, cultural exchange, and community building.

(b) Explain the mandate of the United Nations Public Administration Network, in managing the peace and strong institutions under Sustainable Development Goal-16.
Ans: The United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN) is a global network that connects international, regional, subregional, and national institutions, along with experts, to promote effective governance and public administration for sustainable development. This initiative aligns with Goal 16 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is part of the globally accepted set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) designed as a blueprint to create a better and more sustainable future for everyone. Goal 16 focuses on fostering peaceful and inclusive societies, ensuring access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. UNPAN plays a key role in advancing these objectives through various strategies.

Strategies Adopted by UNPAN to Support Goal 16: Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution: The UN facilitates peacekeeping operations in regions affected by conflict, aiming to restore peace, protect civilians, and support political processes for long-term stability. For instance, the UN has supported peacekeeping missions in Ukraine amid the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia.

• Access to Justice: UNPAN advocates for equal access to justice, regardless of individuals’ social or economic status. Efforts include strengthening legal institutions, supporting legal aid programs, and enhancing adherence to the rule of law.
• Combating Corruption and Illicit Financial Flows: Initiatives to tackle corruption and curb illicit financial flows are a key focus. These efforts emphasize transparency, accountability, and the establishment of mechanisms to report and address corruption effectively.
• Building Strong Institutions: UNPAN promotes the development of transparent, accountable, and effective institutions at all levels of governance. This includes capacity-building for public administrations, strengthening judicial systems, and fostering inclusive and responsive decision-making processes.
• Participation and Human Rights: Ensuring that everyone’s voice is heard is essential for sustainable development. Goal 16 emphasizes empowering individuals and promoting human rights, including freedom of expression, association, and peaceful assembly.
• Data Collection and Monitoring: Monitoring progress is critical for achieving Goal 16. UNPAN supports improved data collection and reporting mechanisms to track advancements in areas such as peace, justice, and governance.

If the United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN) is specifically designed to support these SDG 16 targets, it plays a vital role in coordinating efforts among UN agencies, governments, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders. Its focus on strengthening public administration and governance systems worldwide is crucial for achieving the broader objectives of the 2030 Agenda.

(c) Discuss the right-based e-service delivery scenario of Bihar.
Ans: Electronic Service Delivery (ESD) refers to the provision of government services through the Internet or other electronic means. Recognizing the e-delivery of public services as a basic human right not only enhances community participation but also fosters transparency and efficiency in governance. Enacting legislation to make this right a legal or statutory obligation ensures the mandatory delivery of efficient and transparent e-services to the population.

• Right to Public Services Act (BRTPS) in 2011: A significant milestone in Bihar's e-service delivery was the introduction of the Bihar Right to Public Services Act (BRTPS) in 2011. The Act's primary aim was to guarantee the time-bound delivery of essential public services to citizens while holding government officials accountable for any delays or failures. Under BRTPS, the Bihar government identified various essential services that citizens have the right to access within a stipulated timeframe. These services include the issuance of birth and death certificates, ration cards, caste certificates, income certificates, and documents related to land and revenue records.
• Bihar RTPS Portal: The Bihar government launched an online platform to facilitate easy access to these services. The RTPS portal is designed to allow citizens to avail themselves of multiple services from a single online platform.

Key Features of the Bihar RTPS Portal:

• Online Application Submission: Citizens can submit applications for identified services through the portal, reducing the need for physical visits to government offices. This saves time and effort for applicants. Services available include caste certificates (Jati Praman Patra), income certificates (Aay Praman Patra), local residence certificates (Awasiya Praman Patra), character certificates (Charitra Praman Patra), and land possession certificates (LPC).
• Tracking and Grievance Redressal: Applicants can track the status of their applications in real time. In case of delays or issues, citizens can file grievances directly through the portal, prompting swift corrective action from authorities.
• Automated Processing: The automated system on the portal simplifies processes, enabling even the uneducated rural population to access services. This automation reduces the likelihood of human errors and ensures smoother service delivery.
• Transparency and Accountability: The e-service delivery platform aims to bring greater transparency to government processes. It holds the Bihar government accountable to its citizens by ensuring timely service delivery.
• Integration with Other Departments: The platform integrates various government departments responsible for delivering these services, creating a unified and streamlined system that simplifies procedures for citizens.

In conclusion, the Bihar government’s initiative to adopt a rights-based approach to e-service delivery through the RTPS Act is a transformative step. It has the potential to significantly improve the state’s economic, social, and political landscape in the years to come.

(d) Describe the efforts made in the field of solar power generation in the State of Bihar.
Ans: Solar power works by converting sunlight into electrical energy. As a non-conventional and renewable source of energy, solar power is gaining popularity worldwide due to its clean and environmentally friendly nature. Solar energy is being increasingly adopted to replace conventional, pollution-causing thermal power plants. In 2015, India and France spearheaded the formation of the International Solar Alliance to boost global solar power production. Additionally, under the COP21 or Paris Agreement, countries have committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to cleaner energy sources.

• Efforts to Promote Solar Power in Bihar: Like many other Indian states, Bihar has taken significant steps to encourage solar power generation as part of its renewable energy initiatives. Below are some of the key measures undertaken:
• Solar Power Policy: The Bihar government introduced a Solar Power Policy to provide a clear framework for developing solar energy projects. This policy offers various incentives, including subsidies, tax benefits, and financial support for both large-scale and small-scale solar ventures.
• Solar Parks: Bihar has been focusing on establishing solar parks, which are large-scale facilities for generating solar energy. These parks provide the required infrastructure, land, and transmission capabilities, simplifying the process for private companies and investors to set up solar power plants. Notably, Bihar’s first floating solar power plant was inaugurated in Darbhanga, with a second one under construction in Supaul district.
• Rooftop Solar Installations: The government is encouraging rooftop solar installations on residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Financial incentives and subsidies are being offered to promote the adoption of solar panels on rooftops.
• Solar Water Pumps: Solar-powered water pumps are being actively promoted, particularly in rural areas where electricity supply is unreliable or unavailable. These pumps enable farmers to access clean energy for irrigation, reducing dependence on traditional power sources.
• Grid-Connected Solar Projects: Bihar is working towards integrating solar power into the state’s electricity grid. Large-scale solar plants are being set up to feed electricity directly into the grid, helping supplement the state's power supply.
• Solar Energy Awareness and Training: Awareness campaigns and training programs are being conducted to educate people about the benefits of solar energy. These initiatives aim to build local capacity for maintaining and operating solar power systems.
• Public-Private Partnerships: The state is fostering partnerships with private companies and investors to accelerate solar power development. These collaborations leverage private sector expertise and resources to implement solar energy projects effectively.

In conclusion, Bihar’s proactive measures to promote clean and renewable energy are commendable. These initiatives are expected to significantly contribute to environmental sustainability and the state's development.

(e) Critically examine the features of self-reliance Bihar Saat Nischay-2 (2020-25) programme of good governance.
Ans: Under the leadership of Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, the Bihar government introduced the ambitious “Saat Nischay” (Seven Resolves) program, which outlines seven key resolutions aimed at achieving rapid socio-economic development. The first phase of the Saat Nischay Yojana was launched in 2015, followed by Saat Nischay Part 2 in 2020, which builds upon and updates the original program. The key initiatives under Saat Nischay Part 2 include:

• Yuva Shakti, Bihar Ki Pragati: This initiative focuses on empowering youth by providing Student Credit Cards for higher education, computer training, communication skills, and behavioural training. Additionally, it includes plans to establish Centers of Excellence in every ITI and polytechnic institution to enhance the quality of technical education and training.
• Sashakt Mahila, Saksham Mahila: Aims to boost women's entrepreneurial skills by offering interest-free loans covering up to 50% of project costs, with a maximum limit of ₹5 lakh. To encourage education among women, cash awards of ₹25,000 for girls passing Class 12 and ₹50,000 for those completing graduation will be provided.
• Har Khet Tak Paani: Promises to ensure irrigation facilities for every farm within the next five years, thereby increasing agricultural productivity across the state.
• Swachh Gaon, Samriddh Gaon: Focuses on the installation of solar street lights, solid and liquid waste management, and the development of animal husbandry and fisheries in villages to promote self-reliance. The Har Ghar Nal Ka Jal Scheme will also continue under this initiative, ensuring a clean water supply to every household.
• Swachh Shahar, Vikasit Shahar: Includes the construction of shelters for senior citizens, multi-story housing for the urban poor, solid and liquid waste management, electric crematoriums, and Moksha Dham (dedicated spaces for last rites).
• Connectivity Hogi Aur Asaan: Aims to improve road infrastructure by connecting villages with major roads, building bypasses, and constructing flyovers to enhance seamless connectivity across the state.
• Sabke Liye Swasthya Suvidha: Focuses on improving healthcare facilities, from villages to district hospitals. It plans to establish basic systems for animal healthcare, provide doorstep health services through a call center and mobile app, and connect Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Community Health Centers (CHCs), and district hospitals via telemedicine. Efforts will also be made to enhance and expand existing hospital facilities.

Conclusion: While the program is ambitious and promising on paper, its success hinges on the effective and impartial implementation by bureaucrats and politicians. If executed in a timely and efficient manner, Saat Nischay Part 2 has the potential to bring significant socio-economic transformation to Bihar.

Q5: (a) What are the draft regulations announced recently by the University Grants Commission to open the door for foreign universities to set up campuses in India? What prospects do you visualize about their impact on higher education in India? Do you think it will be a game-changer? (five arguments in support of your answer.
Ans: In line with the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, the University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced several initiatives to internationalize India’s higher education system. Among these, key provisions in the draft regulations include establishing an Office for International Affairs and an Alumni Connect Cell within universities. Additionally, to facilitate academic partnerships between Indian and foreign Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs), the UGC has proposed the "UGC (Academic Collaboration between Indian and Foreign Higher Educational Institutions to offer Twinning, Joint Degree and Dual Degree Programmes) Regulations, 2022."

Prospects of the Draft Regulations:

• Access to Global Expertise: The establishment of foreign university campuses in India is expected to bring global expertise, innovative teaching methodologies, and opportunities for research collaboration. This will not only enhance the quality of education but also expose Indian students to diverse perspectives and approaches.
• Improved Educational Infrastructure: With increased investments, universities could develop world-class infrastructure and facilities, addressing the gaps in existing educational infrastructure in many Indian institutions.
• Boost to Research and Innovation: Collaborative efforts between Indian and foreign faculty members can lead to groundbreaking research and innovative projects, benefitting various sectors across the country.
• Brain Gain and Retention: Currently, a large number of Indian students move abroad for higher education and often settle overseas, contributing to brain drain. Establishing reputed foreign universities within India could encourage students to pursue their education domestically, fostering a scenario of brain gain.
• Competition and Quality Enhancement: The presence of foreign universities may intensify competition among Indian institutions, pushing them to enhance their curriculum, teaching methodologies, and overall quality to remain competitive.

If these regulations are implemented effectively, the entry of foreign universities could be transformative, significantly advancing India’s education system, research capabilities, industrial skills, innovation, and entrepreneurship.

Concerns and Challenges:

• Affordability and Accessibility: Foreign universities are often associated with high tuition fees, which could limit access for students from economically weaker sections.
• Cultural and Ideological Differences: Adapting foreign educational systems and cultural norms to the Indian context may pose challenges, particularly in aligning curricula and values with Indian traditions and sensibilities.
• Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring foreign universities comply with Indian education standards and regulatory frameworks will require stringent oversight, which could be a complex process.
• Impact on Local Institutions: The entry of prestigious foreign universities may overshadow local institutions, especially those that struggle to compete in terms of resources, quality, and reputation.

While the prospects of foreign universities establishing campuses in India are promising, these challenges must be addressed to ensure equitable and effective integration into the country’s education ecosystem.

Or
(b) In the wake of its criticism by the vice-president of India recently, critically examine the doctrine of basic structure given by the Supreme Court of India half a century ago. Do you think the debate will prove to be a point of clash between the executive and judiciary in the near future? Give arguments.
Ans: 

• Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar has raised concerns regarding the "basic structure" doctrine established by the Supreme Court in the landmark 1973 Kesavananda Bharati case. According to the vice president, the doctrine undermines the foundations of a robust democracy as it leads to judicial overreach, allowing the judiciary—an unelected body—to interfere with the decision-making powers of the legislature, which is elected by the people.
• In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case, the Supreme Court held that certain core features of the Indian Constitution are beyond the amending power of Parliament. Any amendment that infringes upon these essential features would be declared unconstitutional. This doctrine was introduced to preserve the fundamental principles of the Constitution and prevent arbitrary amendments by ruling parties.
• Although the doctrine was intended to maintain the stability and integrity of the constitutional framework and prevent legislative dominance, it has become a point of contention between the legislature and the judiciary. While the judiciary views its role as judicial activism aimed at protecting the Constitution, the legislature often perceives it as judicial overreach. If this issue remains unresolved, it could lead to heightened clashes between the judiciary and the executive in the future.
• Instances often cited as examples of judicial overreach include:
  1. The Supreme Court's decision to decriminalize homosexuality by overturning a colonial-era law that criminalized same-sex relationships.
  2. The invalidation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
• Critics also point to delays in the judiciary’s decision-making process and the enormous backlog of cases, which now number in crores. If these issues are not addressed, they could eventually lead to significant reforms or even an overhaul of the judicial system, similar to recent developments in Israel.
• In a democratic system, some degree of tension between the judiciary and the executive is inevitable as both aim to protect their respective domains of power. However, the dominance of one institution—especially an unelected body—should not prevail. A system of checks and balances is essential to ensure harmony and the effective functioning of democracy.

Q6: (a) Do you think India must reclaim the leadership of the developing world through its ambition to steer the 20 Summit in Delhi to success later this year, despite India’s own enduring developmental challenges? Do you think India faces the real difficulty of uniting the Global South in pursuit of common goals? Write your answer with convincing arguments.
Ans: The Group of Twenty (G-20) includes 19 countries along with the European Union. On December 1, 2022, India took over the presidency of the G-20 from Indonesia and is hosting the G-20 Summit in September 2023. This event is seen as an opportunity for India to reclaim its leadership role among developing nations and unite the Global South to pursue shared goals.
India’s leadership of the G-20 is significant for several reasons:

• Leadership and Responsibility: As one of the world’s largest economies and most populous countries, India has a moral duty to lead and advocate for the Global South. The G-20 Summit provides India with a platform to demonstrate its commitment to global cooperation and to shape policies that address challenges faced by developing nations.
• Experience and Expertise: India’s extensive experience in tackling developmental challenges makes its insights relevant to other developing countries. Through the G-20, India can share best practices in areas such as poverty reduction, healthcare, education, and technology adoption.
• Strengthening South-South Cooperation: Hosting the summit allows India to promote collaboration among developing nations on trade, investment, and other key issues, thereby enhancing their collective bargaining power in global forums.
• Fostering Inclusivity: By leading the G-20 Summit, India can ensure that the concerns of developing nations are prioritized in international policymaking, contributing to a more inclusive global decision-making process.
• Building Global Partnerships: Successfully steering the G-20 Summit could help India forge stronger partnerships with developed nations. By addressing its domestic challenges while fostering global cooperation, India can strengthen bilateral ties and showcase its commitment to solving global problems.

Challenges in Uniting the Global South

Despite its potential, India faces significant obstacles in bringing together the Global South:

• Diverse Interests: The Global South consists of countries with varied economic, political, and cultural contexts. Aligning these diverse priorities can be difficult, particularly when some nations face more urgent issues than others.
• Resource Constraints: Many developing nations struggle with limited resources and pressing domestic challenges such as poverty and hunger. Convincing them to focus on global issues over immediate needs may be challenging.
• Geopolitical Complexities: Differences in geopolitical alignments and alliances within the Global South could lead to resistance or scepticism toward India’s leadership.
• Global Power Dynamics: The dominance of developed nations in international institutions often undermines the collective voice of the Global South. India’s efforts to unite these nations may face opposition or indifference from established powers.

In conclusion, India has the potential to reclaim its leadership role among developing nations through the G-20 Summit in Delhi. However, this will require navigating complex challenges and effectively balancing its own development priorities with the interests of the Global South. Success will hinge on India’s ability to foster collaboration both within the Global South and with developed nations, ultimately advancing shared global goals.
Or
(b) Evaluate the role of the United Nations in access and resource management in support of Syria and Turkey earthquake disaster.
Ans: On February 6, 2023, a devastating 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck the Turkey-Syria border, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were injured. In such tragic situations, the role of the United Nations becomes crucial. The UN’s actions and responsibilities in humanitarian crises like this include:

• Coordinating International Aid: The UN often serves as a central hub for coordinating international relief efforts during natural disasters. It provides a platform where governments, organizations, and aid agencies can come together to exchange resources, information, and expertise. This helps ensure that aid is distributed efficiently, avoids duplication, and reaches those who need it most. In response to the earthquake, the UN launched a $1 billion appeal to provide critical assistance to 5.2 million people in Turkey.
• Providing Humanitarian Assistance: Various UN agencies, such as the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), UNICEF, and the World Food Programme (WFP), step in to deliver essential aid to affected populations. This includes food, clean water, medical supplies, shelter, and sanitation services, among other basic needs. To jumpstart the response in both Syria and Turkey, the UN released $50 million from its Central Emergency Response Fund.
• Offering Technical Expertise and Assessment: The UN can also deploy technical experts to assess the full scale of the disaster and help governments and local authorities understand the situation. This enables them to plan more effective responses and allocate resources where they are most needed.
• Building Local Capacity: In addition to immediate relief, the UN works with local governments and communities to improve their ability to respond to future disasters. This includes offering training in disaster preparedness, emergency response, and recovery strategies.
• Advocating and Raising Awareness: The UN advocates for increased international support for disaster-stricken areas, raising awareness about the urgent needs and challenges faced by affected populations. It also encourages other countries and organizations to contribute to relief efforts.
• Conflict Management: In conflict zones like Syria, where ongoing political and security challenges may hinder aid efforts, the UN plays a diplomatic role. It works to ensure humanitarian aid can safely reach the people who need it and that aid workers are protected.
• Long-Term Recovery and Reconstruction: Beyond the immediate crisis, the UN’s involvement extends to long-term recovery and reconstruction. This involves rebuilding affected areas and helping them become more resilient to future disasters.

The effectiveness of the UN’s response to natural disasters depends on many factors, including the cooperation of local governments, the availability of resources, the severity of the crisis, and any existing political or security challenges in the region.

Q7: Study the following table carefully and answer the questions given below this table:
Highest and Average marks obtained by students in five subjects during 2012-2017. The maximum marks in each subject are 100.
(a) What are the combined average marks of all five subjects in 2015?
The combined average marks of all five subjects in the year 2015 is

(b) What is the percentage increase in average marks of English from 2015 to 2017?
Percentage increase in average marks in English from 2015 to 2017
(c) During which year the difference between the highest marks and highest average marks in Maths was maximum?
Ans: The difference between highest marks and highest average marks in Maths in respective years from 2012 to 2017 is
In 2012 75 - 60 = 15, In 2013 → 75 - 55 = 20
In 2014 → 75 - 50 = 25, In 2015 → 85 - 65 = 20
In 2016 — 80 - 55 = 25, In 2017 → 85 - 70 = 15
Thus the difference was maximum in years 2014 & 2016 i.e. difference of 25 marks.

(d) What is the percentage of (highest) marks in Hindi in 2013 with respect to average marks in Maths in 2016?
Ans: Percentage of highest marks in Hindi in 2013 with respect to average marks of Maths in 2016

(e) If 50 students took the examination in 2013 in Maths, what were their total marks?
Ans: = Total Marks of 50 students in Maths in year 2013
Average Marks in Maths in the year 2013 * 50 = 55 x 5

0
= 2750

(f) In between which two years, the difference in highest marks in Science was maximum?
Ans: The difference between the highest marks in Science is highest in year 2016 i.e. year with the highest Science
Marks & year 2014
i.e. year with the lowest Science Marks
i.e. [.90 - 50 = 40]
2014 & 2016
Or
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions given below: Prolit per cent of companies ABC' and DEF during the year 2001-2006
(a) Let the income in 2005 of companies ABC' and DEF be in the ratio 3 : 4. What was the ratio of expenditures of companies ABC' and DEF in 2005?
Ans:
In year 2005 Profit% of ABC = 70%
Profit% of DEF = 55%
Income of ABC in year 2005 = 3* (As per data given in question)
Income of DEF in year 2005 = 4x (As per data given question)
(b) If the expenditure of company DEF in 2002 was 190 cr., what was its income in the year 2002?

Expenditure ot DEF in year 2002 = I90cr (Given in question) Income of company DEF in year 2002?
% Profit in year 2002 for company (DEF) = 40%
We know
(c) If expenditures of company ABC and DEF were equal in 2001 and total income of both the companies in 2001 was 825 cr., then what w as the total profit of both the companies in 2001?

Expenditure of ABC = Expenditure of DEF in year 2001 (given in question)
Income of ABC + Income of DEF in year 2001 = 825 crore (given)
Total profit of ABC + DEF in year 2001 = ?
As per question Expenditure_DEF) = Expenditure_(ABC) for year 2001
Total Income of ABC & DEF in year 2001
= 825 crore
405.50 crore
(in year 2001)
= 419.50 crore
∴ Putting (iii) in (i) & (iv) in (ii) we get,
= 279.65 crore
= 279.65 crore
Profit of ABC = 405.50 - 279.65
= 125.85 crore
Profit of DEF = 419.50 - 279.65
= 139.85 crore
∴ Total profit of ABC & DEF in year 2001
= 265.70 crore

(d) Income of company ABC in 2004 was Rs. 750 cr. What was the expenditure in 2004?
Income of Company ABC in year 2004 was Rs. 750 crore (given)
Expenditure of company ABC in year 2004 = ?
% Profit of ABC in year 2004 = 55%

(e) If income of both the companies was equal in 2003, find the ratio of expenditures of company ABC and DEFin 2003.

lnCOme_(ABC) = lncome_(DEF)

% Profit of ABC in year 2003 = 60% %
Profit of DEF in year 2003 = 55%
We have
Now, dividing (ii) by (i) we get

Q8: The Bar Graph given below shows the sales of hooks (in thousand numbers) from six branches of a publishing company during two consecutive years 2000 and 2001.
Sales of Books (in thousand numbers) from Six Branches — Bl, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6 of a publishing rnninanv in 2000 and 2001 are following :

(a) What is the ratio of the total sales of Branch B2 for both years to the total sales of Branch B4 for both years?
Ans: Total sales of Branch B2 for years 2000 & 2001 is [75 + 65] thousands = 140 thousands or 140,000
Total sales of Branch B4 for years 2000 & 2001 is [85 + 95] thousands = 180 thousands or 180,000
∴ Ratio of total sales of Branch B2 to Branch B4 for years 2000 & 2001 is

(b) Total sales of Branch B6 for both the years are what percent of the total sales of Branch B3 for both the years?
Ans:
Total sales of Branch B6 for years 2000 & 2001 is [70 + 80] thousand =150 thousands or 150,000
Total sales of Branch B3 for year 2000 & 2001 [95 +110] thousand = 205 thousands or 205,000

(c) What percent of the average sales of branches Bl, B2 and B3 in 2001 is the average sales of branches Bl, B3 and B6 in 2000?
Ans: Average sales of Branches Bl, B2, B3 in year 2001
Average sales of Branches Bl, B2 & B3 in year 2000

(d) What are the average sales of all the branches (in thousand numbers) for the year 2000?
Ans:
Average Sales of Bl, B2, B3, B4, B5 & B6 for year 2000
(e) A total sale o f branches B l , B3 and B5 together for both the years (in thousand num bers) is what?
Ans:
Total sale of Branches Bl, B3 & B5 for both years i.e. 2000 & 2001 is
= [80 + 105 + 95 + 110 + 75 + 95] thousand
560000 or 560 thousand.
Or
The follow ing pie-chart shows the percentage distribution of the total expenditure incurred by a company in different expense sections during 2015. Study the pie-chart and answer the questions given below: Percentage distribution of total expenditure of a company

Infr= Infrastructure
Tra = Transport
Adv = Advertisement
Tax = Taxes
R&D = Research and Development
Sal = Salary
Int = Interest on Loans
(a) How much times the total expenditure of the company is of expenditure of research and development?
Ans: Total expenditure of company = (20+17+20^5+10-15+13)
=(20+30+50)
= 100
Expenditure on Research & Development = 5%
= Total Expenditure = 20 x Expenditure on R & D)
= 20 times

(b) If expenditure on transport is Rs. 2 crores, then what will be the difference between the expenditures on salary and advertisement?
Ans:
Expenditure on transport = 13%
Also, Expenditure on transport = 2 crore (Given)
∴ 13% of total expenditure = 2 crore
Expenditure on salary = 20%
Expenditure on advertisement = 15%
Difference between Expenditure on Salary & Expenditure on Advertisement = (20 - 1 5 ) = 5%
= 0.769 crore

(c) What is the ratio of the total expenditure of taxes and interest on loans and total expenditure on infrastructure and transport?
Ans: Total Expenditure of Taxes & Interest on Loans
= 10+17 = 27%
Total Expenditure on Infrastructure & Transport 
= 20+13 = 33%


(d) If expenditure on interest on loan is ? 2-60 crores, then what will be the total expenditure on advertisement, taxes and salary?
Ans:
Expenditure on Interest on Loan = 2.6 Crore (Given)
Expenditure on Interest on Loan = 17%  (Given)
∴ 17% of Total Expenditure = 2.6
Total Expenditure on Advertisement, Taxes & Salary

= [15 + 1 0 + 20] = 45%

(e) How much times the difference of expenditure on interest on loans and the expenditure on advertisement is of the expenditure on advertisement?
Ans:
Difference of expenditure on interest on loans & expenditure on advertisement = (17 - 15) = 2%
Expenditure on advertisement = 15%
⇒ Expenditure on Advertisement = 7.5 times
Difference of expenditure on interest on loans & expenditure on advertisement 
= 0.1333 times expenditure on advertisement
= 0.1333 times