CBSE Textbook: Children and Women in Sports | Physical Education Class 12(XII) - Notes & Model Test Papers - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


33
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
II
Overview
 W Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups
 W Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, 
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis and bow legs and their respective corrective 
measures.
 W Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social 
benefits
 W Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction)
 W Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders)
At the end of the chapter, children will be able to:
 W discuss exercise guidelines for different stages of growth and 
development.
 W classify common postural deformities and identify corrective 
measures.
 W recognize the role and importance of sports participation of 
women in India.
 W identify special consideration relate to menarche and menstrual 
dysfunction.
 W express female athlete triad according to eating disorders.
Discussion
Given below is a list of some common postural deformities children may suffer 
from. What do you know about them? Complete the first two columns of the KWL 
(Know-Want-Learned) Chart given below. Fill in the last column after completing 
your research by reading more about them.
Word What I Know What I Want to 
Know
What I Learned
CHILDREN AND WOMEN  
IN SPORTS
Page 2


33
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
II
Overview
 W Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups
 W Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, 
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis and bow legs and their respective corrective 
measures.
 W Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social 
benefits
 W Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction)
 W Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders)
At the end of the chapter, children will be able to:
 W discuss exercise guidelines for different stages of growth and 
development.
 W classify common postural deformities and identify corrective 
measures.
 W recognize the role and importance of sports participation of 
women in India.
 W identify special consideration relate to menarche and menstrual 
dysfunction.
 W express female athlete triad according to eating disorders.
Discussion
Given below is a list of some common postural deformities children may suffer 
from. What do you know about them? Complete the first two columns of the KWL 
(Know-Want-Learned) Chart given below. Fill in the last column after completing 
your research by reading more about them.
Word What I Know What I Want to 
Know
What I Learned
CHILDREN AND WOMEN  
IN SPORTS
34
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Knock knees
Flat foot
Round shoulders
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Bow legs
Do You Know?
A UNICEF South Asia blog “How sports help girls overcome barriers and bias” 
had a big message sent by our legendry player of Indian cricket  Sachin Tendulkar, 
UNICEF Regional Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia  “Let every child, girl and 
boy, play a sport”.  The legendary cricketer mentioned that every child must have 
the right to play, it is the best medium to help them channel their energy and 
teach them some of life’s most valuable lessons—on strength and determination, 
humility and mutual respect, on resilience and sportsmanship. Opportunity to play 
with an open mind encourages children to push their limits, and in the process, 
discover their own potential. Sports participation provides a common platform 
to perform and learn to win with dignity and accept defeat with humility. Sport 
does not differentiate between gender, it respects hard work and values of an 
athlete. Sport and play is not confined to children nor does it creates impact only 
on children, rather sports is a big wagon wheel for the upliftment of the status of 
women in our society. Sports field provides an opportunity for women to showcase 
their talent and help them grow as an individuals, living a life of dignity and self-
respect. 
The Indian Women’s Hockey team played brilliantly in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics 
and produced many such examples. The captain, Rani Rampal’s father could not 
afford to buy her a hockey stick when she was growing up, so she would play with 
a broken one; Salima Tete from Jharkhand would play with wooden sticks for the 
same reason. Deep Grace Ekka’s family was criticized because she was ‘allowed’ 
to play the game despite being a girl.
2.1 Exercise Guidelines of WHO for Different Age Groups
World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical 
inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). 
Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities 
to maintain physical, mental and social health. Participation in sports and physical 
Page 3


33
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
II
Overview
 W Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups
 W Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, 
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis and bow legs and their respective corrective 
measures.
 W Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social 
benefits
 W Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction)
 W Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders)
At the end of the chapter, children will be able to:
 W discuss exercise guidelines for different stages of growth and 
development.
 W classify common postural deformities and identify corrective 
measures.
 W recognize the role and importance of sports participation of 
women in India.
 W identify special consideration relate to menarche and menstrual 
dysfunction.
 W express female athlete triad according to eating disorders.
Discussion
Given below is a list of some common postural deformities children may suffer 
from. What do you know about them? Complete the first two columns of the KWL 
(Know-Want-Learned) Chart given below. Fill in the last column after completing 
your research by reading more about them.
Word What I Know What I Want to 
Know
What I Learned
CHILDREN AND WOMEN  
IN SPORTS
34
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Knock knees
Flat foot
Round shoulders
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Bow legs
Do You Know?
A UNICEF South Asia blog “How sports help girls overcome barriers and bias” 
had a big message sent by our legendry player of Indian cricket  Sachin Tendulkar, 
UNICEF Regional Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia  “Let every child, girl and 
boy, play a sport”.  The legendary cricketer mentioned that every child must have 
the right to play, it is the best medium to help them channel their energy and 
teach them some of life’s most valuable lessons—on strength and determination, 
humility and mutual respect, on resilience and sportsmanship. Opportunity to play 
with an open mind encourages children to push their limits, and in the process, 
discover their own potential. Sports participation provides a common platform 
to perform and learn to win with dignity and accept defeat with humility. Sport 
does not differentiate between gender, it respects hard work and values of an 
athlete. Sport and play is not confined to children nor does it creates impact only 
on children, rather sports is a big wagon wheel for the upliftment of the status of 
women in our society. Sports field provides an opportunity for women to showcase 
their talent and help them grow as an individuals, living a life of dignity and self-
respect. 
The Indian Women’s Hockey team played brilliantly in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics 
and produced many such examples. The captain, Rani Rampal’s father could not 
afford to buy her a hockey stick when she was growing up, so she would play with 
a broken one; Salima Tete from Jharkhand would play with wooden sticks for the 
same reason. Deep Grace Ekka’s family was criticized because she was ‘allowed’ 
to play the game despite being a girl.
2.1 Exercise Guidelines of WHO for Different Age Groups
World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical 
inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). 
Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities 
to maintain physical, mental and social health. Participation in sports and physical 
35
Physical EDUCATION-XII
activity results in benefits like an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem, a 
better control over emotions, reduction in levels of stress, anxiety and depression, 
maintenance of healthy weight, social interaction and achieving high performance 
in academics. Regular physical activities help in not just physical, but also social, 
emotional and mental growth and development of infants, children, adolescents 
and adults. Physical activities should be encouraged among children to ensure strong 
muscles and bones. Children and young people should not be allowed to sit for long 
hours watching TV, playing computer games and travelling by car.
WHO has developed certain guidelines – Global Recommendations on Physical Activity 
for Health – with the overall aim of providing national and regional level policy 
makers with guidance on the frequency, duration, intensity, type and total amount 
of physical activity needed for the prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases or 
Lifestyle Diseases.
2.1.1 Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age 
“Achieving health for all means doing what is best for health right from the beginning 
of people’s lives,” says WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. 
“Early childhood is a period of rapid development and a time when family lifestyle 
patterns can be adapted to boost health gains.” If they are to grow up healthy, 
children under five must spend less time sitting watching screens, or restrained in 
prams and seats, so that they get better quality sleep and have more time for active 
play.
]
The following guidelines are recommended for healthy children aged Under 5 years, 
irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, and the socio-economic 
status of the family.
These are also relevant for children with different abilities. Children with a medical 
Page 4


33
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
II
Overview
 W Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups
 W Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, 
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis and bow legs and their respective corrective 
measures.
 W Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social 
benefits
 W Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction)
 W Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders)
At the end of the chapter, children will be able to:
 W discuss exercise guidelines for different stages of growth and 
development.
 W classify common postural deformities and identify corrective 
measures.
 W recognize the role and importance of sports participation of 
women in India.
 W identify special consideration relate to menarche and menstrual 
dysfunction.
 W express female athlete triad according to eating disorders.
Discussion
Given below is a list of some common postural deformities children may suffer 
from. What do you know about them? Complete the first two columns of the KWL 
(Know-Want-Learned) Chart given below. Fill in the last column after completing 
your research by reading more about them.
Word What I Know What I Want to 
Know
What I Learned
CHILDREN AND WOMEN  
IN SPORTS
34
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Knock knees
Flat foot
Round shoulders
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Bow legs
Do You Know?
A UNICEF South Asia blog “How sports help girls overcome barriers and bias” 
had a big message sent by our legendry player of Indian cricket  Sachin Tendulkar, 
UNICEF Regional Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia  “Let every child, girl and 
boy, play a sport”.  The legendary cricketer mentioned that every child must have 
the right to play, it is the best medium to help them channel their energy and 
teach them some of life’s most valuable lessons—on strength and determination, 
humility and mutual respect, on resilience and sportsmanship. Opportunity to play 
with an open mind encourages children to push their limits, and in the process, 
discover their own potential. Sports participation provides a common platform 
to perform and learn to win with dignity and accept defeat with humility. Sport 
does not differentiate between gender, it respects hard work and values of an 
athlete. Sport and play is not confined to children nor does it creates impact only 
on children, rather sports is a big wagon wheel for the upliftment of the status of 
women in our society. Sports field provides an opportunity for women to showcase 
their talent and help them grow as an individuals, living a life of dignity and self-
respect. 
The Indian Women’s Hockey team played brilliantly in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics 
and produced many such examples. The captain, Rani Rampal’s father could not 
afford to buy her a hockey stick when she was growing up, so she would play with 
a broken one; Salima Tete from Jharkhand would play with wooden sticks for the 
same reason. Deep Grace Ekka’s family was criticized because she was ‘allowed’ 
to play the game despite being a girl.
2.1 Exercise Guidelines of WHO for Different Age Groups
World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical 
inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). 
Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities 
to maintain physical, mental and social health. Participation in sports and physical 
35
Physical EDUCATION-XII
activity results in benefits like an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem, a 
better control over emotions, reduction in levels of stress, anxiety and depression, 
maintenance of healthy weight, social interaction and achieving high performance 
in academics. Regular physical activities help in not just physical, but also social, 
emotional and mental growth and development of infants, children, adolescents 
and adults. Physical activities should be encouraged among children to ensure strong 
muscles and bones. Children and young people should not be allowed to sit for long 
hours watching TV, playing computer games and travelling by car.
WHO has developed certain guidelines – Global Recommendations on Physical Activity 
for Health – with the overall aim of providing national and regional level policy 
makers with guidance on the frequency, duration, intensity, type and total amount 
of physical activity needed for the prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases or 
Lifestyle Diseases.
2.1.1 Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age 
“Achieving health for all means doing what is best for health right from the beginning 
of people’s lives,” says WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. 
“Early childhood is a period of rapid development and a time when family lifestyle 
patterns can be adapted to boost health gains.” If they are to grow up healthy, 
children under five must spend less time sitting watching screens, or restrained in 
prams and seats, so that they get better quality sleep and have more time for active 
play.
]
The following guidelines are recommended for healthy children aged Under 5 years, 
irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, and the socio-economic 
status of the family.
These are also relevant for children with different abilities. Children with a medical 
36
Physical EDUCATION-XII
condition or disability should consult with health professionals before undertaking 
these activities. The goals of these guidelines are to recommend time spent on 
physical activities, and on sleep and sedentary activities to get health benefits. The 
age group is further divided in to three groups namely Less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 
3 to 4 years.
Age Sedentary Behaviour Physical Activity Sleep
Less 
than 1 
year
Not be   restrained   
for more than 1 hour 
at a time. Encourage 
reading and storytelling 
when sedentary. 
Screen time is not 
recommended.
Physically active 
several times a day 
through interactive 
floor-based play 
including 30 minutes 
of tummy time.
14–17 hours (0–3 
months of   age),  
12–16h (4–11 
months of   age) 
of good quality   
sleep, including 
naps.
1-2 
years
Not restrained for more 
than 1 hour at a time or 
sit for extended periods 
of time. No screen 
time for 1-year-olds.   
For   2 years, sedentary 
screen time should be 
no more than 1 hour. 
Encourage reading and 
storytelling.
At least 180 minutes 
in a variety of types 
of physical activities 
including moderate- 
to vigorous- intensity 
physical activity, 
spread throughout the 
day.
11-14 hours of 
good quality 
sleep, including 
naps, with regular 
sleep and wake-
up times.
3-4 
years
Not restrained for more 
than 1 hour at a time 
or sit for extended 
periods of time. 
Sedentary screen time 
should be no more than 
1 hour; less is better. 
Encourage reading and 
storytelling.
At least 180 minutes 
in a variety of types 
of physical activities 
at any intensity, of 
which at least 60 
minutes is moderate- 
to vigorous intensity 
physical ctivity, spread 
throughout the day.
10–13h of good 
quality sleep, 
which may include 
a nap, with 
regular sleep and 
wake-up times.
Page 5


33
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
II
Overview
 W Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups
 W Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, 
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis and bow legs and their respective corrective 
measures.
 W Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social 
benefits
 W Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction)
 W Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders)
At the end of the chapter, children will be able to:
 W discuss exercise guidelines for different stages of growth and 
development.
 W classify common postural deformities and identify corrective 
measures.
 W recognize the role and importance of sports participation of 
women in India.
 W identify special consideration relate to menarche and menstrual 
dysfunction.
 W express female athlete triad according to eating disorders.
Discussion
Given below is a list of some common postural deformities children may suffer 
from. What do you know about them? Complete the first two columns of the KWL 
(Know-Want-Learned) Chart given below. Fill in the last column after completing 
your research by reading more about them.
Word What I Know What I Want to 
Know
What I Learned
CHILDREN AND WOMEN  
IN SPORTS
34
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Knock knees
Flat foot
Round shoulders
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Bow legs
Do You Know?
A UNICEF South Asia blog “How sports help girls overcome barriers and bias” 
had a big message sent by our legendry player of Indian cricket  Sachin Tendulkar, 
UNICEF Regional Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia  “Let every child, girl and 
boy, play a sport”.  The legendary cricketer mentioned that every child must have 
the right to play, it is the best medium to help them channel their energy and 
teach them some of life’s most valuable lessons—on strength and determination, 
humility and mutual respect, on resilience and sportsmanship. Opportunity to play 
with an open mind encourages children to push their limits, and in the process, 
discover their own potential. Sports participation provides a common platform 
to perform and learn to win with dignity and accept defeat with humility. Sport 
does not differentiate between gender, it respects hard work and values of an 
athlete. Sport and play is not confined to children nor does it creates impact only 
on children, rather sports is a big wagon wheel for the upliftment of the status of 
women in our society. Sports field provides an opportunity for women to showcase 
their talent and help them grow as an individuals, living a life of dignity and self-
respect. 
The Indian Women’s Hockey team played brilliantly in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics 
and produced many such examples. The captain, Rani Rampal’s father could not 
afford to buy her a hockey stick when she was growing up, so she would play with 
a broken one; Salima Tete from Jharkhand would play with wooden sticks for the 
same reason. Deep Grace Ekka’s family was criticized because she was ‘allowed’ 
to play the game despite being a girl.
2.1 Exercise Guidelines of WHO for Different Age Groups
World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical 
inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). 
Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities 
to maintain physical, mental and social health. Participation in sports and physical 
35
Physical EDUCATION-XII
activity results in benefits like an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem, a 
better control over emotions, reduction in levels of stress, anxiety and depression, 
maintenance of healthy weight, social interaction and achieving high performance 
in academics. Regular physical activities help in not just physical, but also social, 
emotional and mental growth and development of infants, children, adolescents 
and adults. Physical activities should be encouraged among children to ensure strong 
muscles and bones. Children and young people should not be allowed to sit for long 
hours watching TV, playing computer games and travelling by car.
WHO has developed certain guidelines – Global Recommendations on Physical Activity 
for Health – with the overall aim of providing national and regional level policy 
makers with guidance on the frequency, duration, intensity, type and total amount 
of physical activity needed for the prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases or 
Lifestyle Diseases.
2.1.1 Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age 
“Achieving health for all means doing what is best for health right from the beginning 
of people’s lives,” says WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. 
“Early childhood is a period of rapid development and a time when family lifestyle 
patterns can be adapted to boost health gains.” If they are to grow up healthy, 
children under five must spend less time sitting watching screens, or restrained in 
prams and seats, so that they get better quality sleep and have more time for active 
play.
]
The following guidelines are recommended for healthy children aged Under 5 years, 
irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, and the socio-economic 
status of the family.
These are also relevant for children with different abilities. Children with a medical 
36
Physical EDUCATION-XII
condition or disability should consult with health professionals before undertaking 
these activities. The goals of these guidelines are to recommend time spent on 
physical activities, and on sleep and sedentary activities to get health benefits. The 
age group is further divided in to three groups namely Less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 
3 to 4 years.
Age Sedentary Behaviour Physical Activity Sleep
Less 
than 1 
year
Not be   restrained   
for more than 1 hour 
at a time. Encourage 
reading and storytelling 
when sedentary. 
Screen time is not 
recommended.
Physically active 
several times a day 
through interactive 
floor-based play 
including 30 minutes 
of tummy time.
14–17 hours (0–3 
months of   age),  
12–16h (4–11 
months of   age) 
of good quality   
sleep, including 
naps.
1-2 
years
Not restrained for more 
than 1 hour at a time or 
sit for extended periods 
of time. No screen 
time for 1-year-olds.   
For   2 years, sedentary 
screen time should be 
no more than 1 hour. 
Encourage reading and 
storytelling.
At least 180 minutes 
in a variety of types 
of physical activities 
including moderate- 
to vigorous- intensity 
physical activity, 
spread throughout the 
day.
11-14 hours of 
good quality 
sleep, including 
naps, with regular 
sleep and wake-
up times.
3-4 
years
Not restrained for more 
than 1 hour at a time 
or sit for extended 
periods of time. 
Sedentary screen time 
should be no more than 
1 hour; less is better. 
Encourage reading and 
storytelling.
At least 180 minutes 
in a variety of types 
of physical activities 
at any intensity, of 
which at least 60 
minutes is moderate- 
to vigorous intensity 
physical ctivity, spread 
throughout the day.
10–13h of good 
quality sleep, 
which may include 
a nap, with 
regular sleep and 
wake-up times.
37
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Infants (Less than 1 year)
Infants should be provided enough space and open environment to promote 
movement and minimize restrictive or sedentary behaviour so that they may explore 
their surroundings. Babies should be encouraged to be active throughout the day, 
every day. Before your baby begins to crawl, encourage her/him to be physically 
active by reaching and grasping, pulling and pushing, moving her/his head, body 
and limbs during daily routines, and during supervised floor play. This includes giving 
the baby 30 minutes in prone position (tummy time). Playing equipment should be 
carefully chosen and must not be so small that it can be swallowed or have sharp 
edges or be prepared with toxic material. Activities like crawling and rolling should 
be performed on mat or sheet that is at least 7 feet by 4 feet in size. Once babies 
can move around, encourage them to be as active as possible in a safe, supervised 
and nurturing play environment. During sedentary timing, the child must be engaged 
in reading and storytelling for encouragement. For 0-3 months of age 14-17 hours 
and for 4-11 months of age baby should have 12-16 hours of good quality sleep that 
includes naps.
Toddlers (1-2 years of age)
During this period, the child should not be involved in any sedentary activity which is 
more than one-hour long including being restrained in prams/strollers, high chairs, 
or strapped on a caregiver’s back, or sitting for extended periods of time. Once they 
learn to sit and stand, toddlers should be encouraged to undertake fundamental 
physical activity like walking, running, jumping, catching, throwing, leaping etc. In 
this group sedentary screen time like involvement with computer games, watching 
TV or video is not recommended. Engagement in reading and storytelling should 
not be for more than one hour. It is recommended toddlers get 11-14 hours of good 
quality sleep, including naps, with regular sleep and wake-up times.
Children 3–4 years
Children should spend at least 180 minutes in a variety of types of physical activities 
at any intensity, of which at least one hour is spent in moderate to vigorous intensity 
physical activity. This should be spread throughout the day, indoors or outside. In 
the 180 minutes of physical activity, we can include light activity such as standing 
up, moving around, rolling and playing, as well as more energetic activities like 
skipping, hopping, running and jumping. Active play, such as using a climbing frame, 
riding a bike, playing in water, chasing games and ball games, is the best way for