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What are Carbon nanotubes(CNT)? Mention different types of CNTs.
Carbon nanotubes is a graphite sheet consisting of covalently bonded carbon atoms in hexagonal type arrangement. The sheet is rolled up into a cylinder with the ends closed by hemispherical graphite domes. Carbon nanotubes can be devided into two basic classes namely
Carbon nanotubes - Civil Engineering (CE)
1. Single wall nanotubes (SWNT)
2. Multi wall nanotubes (MWNT)

SWNT‘s are formed from the single graphite layer with typical diameter in the range 0.4 to 2nm. MWNT‘s include structures formed in coaxial arrangement of several (2-100) graphite cylinders and their external diameter ranges from 10 to 100nm. Based on the chirality CNT are classified into 3 types. Namely,
1. Zig-zag structure
2. Armchair structure
3. Chiral structure

Carbon nanotubes - Civil Engineering (CE)

Mention important properties of CNT?
1. Stronger and most flexible molecular material because of C-C covalent bonding and hexagonal network architecture.
2. Young’s modulus of over 1 Tpa vs 70 Gpa for Aluminium. 100 GPA for carbon fiber.
3. Strength to weight ratio 500 times greater than that for Al. similar improvements on steel and Titanium. One order of magnitude improvement over graphite.
4. Maximum strain is 10% much higher than any material.
5. Thermal conductivity is 3000W/mk in the axial direction with small values in the radial direction.
6. Electrical conductivity in order of magnitude higher than copper.
7. Can be metallic or semiconducting depending on chirality. Band gap can be adjusted. Electrical properties can be controlled through application of external magnetic field and mechanical force.
8. Very high current carrying capacity.

What are potential applications of CNT?
1. Because of high mechanical strength CNT are used to make spherical stab-proof and bullet proof clothes.
2. They are used to make field effect transistors which are capable of digital switching using a single electron.
3. Because of high electrical conductivity they are used for thermal management of electronic circuits.
4. They are used for making high efficient solar cells.
5. In medicine, SWNT are inserted around cancerous cells, and then excited with radio waves, which cause them to heat up and kill the cells.
6. They are used for making NEM‘s

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FAQs on Carbon nanotubes - Civil Engineering (CE)

1. What are carbon nanotubes?

Ans. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made up of carbon atoms. They have a unique structure, with a diameter of a few nanometers and lengths that can reach several centimeters. They are considered one of the strongest and stiffest materials known to date.

2. How are carbon nanotubes synthesized?

Ans. Carbon nanotubes can be synthesized using various methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In the CVD method, a carbon-containing gas is decomposed on a substrate, typically a metal catalyst, at high temperatures, resulting in the growth of carbon nanotubes.

3. What are the potential applications of carbon nanotubes?

Ans. Carbon nanotubes have a wide range of potential applications due to their exceptional properties. They can be used in electronics for making smaller and faster transistors, in energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors, as reinforcements in composite materials for enhancing strength, and in biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.

4. What are the advantages of using carbon nanotubes compared to other materials?

Ans. Carbon nanotubes have several advantages over other materials. They have high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal conductivity, and exceptional mechanical strength. They also exhibit unique optical properties and chemical stability. These properties make them attractive for a wide range of applications in various fields.

5. Are there any challenges or limitations in the use of carbon nanotubes?

Ans. While carbon nanotubes hold great promise, there are also challenges and limitations associated with their use. One major challenge is the high cost of production, which limits their widespread commercial applications. There are also concerns about their toxicity and potential environmental impacts. Additionally, controlling the growth and alignment of carbon nanotubes is still a technical challenge that needs to be overcome for certain applications.

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