Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

What is an Electromagnetic System?

  • The electromagnetic system is an essential element of all rotating electric machinery and electromechanical device and static devices like the transformer.
  • Electromechanical energy conversion takes place via the medium of a magnetic field or electrical field, but most practical converters use magnetic field as the coupling medium between electrical and mechanical systems.
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • In transformers, the electrical energy converts from one electrical circuit to another electrical circuit via the medium of a magnetic field as the coupling medium between one electrical circuit to other electrical circuits.
  • The energy storing capacity of a magnetic field is much greater than that of an electric field.

Question for Electromagnetic System
Try yourself:
What is the primary coupling medium used in most practical converters for electromechanical energy conversion?
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Magnetic Circuits

  • The complete closed path followed by the lines of flux is called a magnetic circuit.
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • In low-power electrical machines, the magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets. But in high-power electrical machinery and transformers, a coupling magnetic field is produced by electric current.

1. Magnetomotive Force (mmf)

  • In a magnetic circuit, the magnetic flux is due to the presence of a magnetomotive force (mmf). 
  • The mmf is created by a current flowing through one of more turns.
    mmf = current × number of turns is the coil
    mmf = NI (ampere-turns) or (ATs)
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

2. Permeability of Free Space

  • Suppose a current (I) carrying conductor in free space is shown in figure.

Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • According to the right-hand grip rule, around the current-carrying conductor, a magnetic flux path is generated.
  • Suppose flux density at C, caused by magnetic field intensity H at x is B Tesla and if C is one meter away from x1 then Permeability of free space η0 is given by:
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

3. Reluctance (Rl)

Opposition offered by the magnetic circuit to magnetic flux is called reluctance.
Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
where
l = length of the magnetic path
A = area of cross-section normal to flux path, m2.
μ =μμr = Permeability of the magnetic material
μ = relative permeability of the magnetic material

μr = permeability of free space = 4π × 10–7 H/m.

4. Magnetic Flux (ø)

  • The magnetic flux may be defined as the magnetomotive force per unit reluctance.Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • The direction of magnetic flux produced by the coil can be found by the right-hand grip rule.

Question for Electromagnetic System
Try yourself:The unit of magnetic flux is:
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5. Right-Hand Grip Rule

It is stated that grip the conductor with the thumb pointing in the direction of conductor current then four fingers give the direction of magnetic flux created by the current.


6. Permeance

  • Reciprocal of reluctance is called permeance.
  • Permeance =  Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

7. Magnetic Field Density

  • It is defined as the magnetic flux per unit cross-sectional area of the core.Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

8. Magnetic Field Intensity

  • The magnetomotive force per unit length of magnetic circuit is termed as the magnetic field intensity.
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
    or Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)  View Answer

Note:

  • In magnetic system there are no magnetic insulators. Even in the best known magnetic insulator air, the flux can be established.
  • Energy is needed for establishing the required flux once the requisite flux is created then no more energy is needed in maintaining it.


9. Leakage Flux

  • In ideal magnetic circuits, all the flux produced by an exciting coil is confined to the desired magnetic path of negligible reluctance. But in practical magnetic circuits, a small amount of flux does follow a path through the surrounding air.
  • Leakage flux is defined as that flux which does not follow the intended path in a magnetic circuit.
  • Its effect on the analysis of electrical machinery is carried out by replacing it by an equivalent leakage reactance.

10. Fringing

  • As the magnetic flux lines cross the air-gap, the flux bulge out at the end of core. This bulging out of the flux is called fringing.
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • Longer the air gap, more is the flux fringing.
  • The effect of fringing flux is to increase the effective cross-sectional area of the air gap. As a result, flux density in the air gap is not uniform and average flux density gets reduced.

11. B-H Curve

  • A B-H curve, also called magnetization curve or saturation curve, is the plot of flux density B as the magnetic field intensity H is varied.
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • Figure shows a typical B-H curve of a ferromagnetic material. It has initial non-linear Zone OA, zone from A to C is almost linear and zone beyond C is called Saturation zone.
  • The flux density B in the saturation zone increases less rapidly with H as compared to its change in the linear zone.
  • As B- H curve is not a straight line, the relative permeability  Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)  of ferromagnetic material changes with the flux density.
  • In free space or non-magnetic materials, μ0 is constant, therefore B-H relationship is linear.

12. Induced Emf

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that an emf is induced in a coil when the magnetic flux linking this coil changes with time.
Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Where
e = emf induced, volts
N = number of turns in the coil

ψ = NØ = flux linkages with the coil, Wb -turns
t = time, seconds

13. Lenz's Law

  • When the coil circuit is closed, a current begins to flow in the coil. The direction of this induced emf, of induced current, is governed by Lenz's law
  • According to this law the induced current develops a flux which always opposes the change responsible for inducing this current.
    Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • Lenz's law, in short, is that effect opposes the cause.

Question for Electromagnetic System
Try yourself:What is the definition of magnetic flux?
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PYQs: Competitive Exams

Q1: A long conducting cylinder having a radius b is placed along the z-axis. The current density is Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) for the region r < b where r is the distance in the radial direction. The magnetic field intensity Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) for the region inside the conductor (i.e., for r < b) is    [2022]
(a) Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
(b) Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
(c) Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
(d) Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Ans:
c
Sol:

Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)


Q2: If the magnetic field intensity Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) in a conducting region is given by the expression, Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) The magnitude of the current density, in A/m2, at x = 1 m, y = 2 m and z = 1 m is     [2022]
(a) 8
(b) 12
(c) 16
(d) 20

Ans: b
Sol:
Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)


Q3: A solid iron cylinder is placed in a region containing a uniform magnetic field such that the cylinder axis is parallel to the magnetic field direction. The magnetic field lines inside the cylinder will     [2017]
(a) bend closer to the cylinder axis
(b) bend farther away from the axis
(c) remain uniform as before
(d) cease to exist inside the cylinder
Ans: a

The document Electromagnetic System | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) is a part of the Electrical Engineering (EE) Course Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical).
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FAQs on Electromagnetic System - Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is an electromagnetic system?
Ans. An electromagnetic system refers to a system that utilizes the principles of electromagnetism, such as magnetic circuits, to perform a specific function or task.
2. What are magnetic circuits?
Ans. Magnetic circuits are pathways that allow magnetic flux to flow through a material, similar to how electric circuits allow the flow of electrical current. They are used to guide and control magnetic fields in devices such as transformers and electric motors.
3. What are some important terms related to magnetic circuits?
Ans. Some important terms related to magnetic circuits include magnetic flux, magnetic field strength, magnetic reluctance, magnetic permeability, and magnetic potential.
4. What are some frequently asked questions related to electromagnetic systems in electrical engineering exams?
Ans. Some frequently asked questions in electrical engineering exams related to electromagnetic systems may include calculations involving magnetic flux, solving problems related to magnetic circuits, understanding the behavior of magnetic materials, and analyzing the performance of electromagnetic devices.
5. How can one prepare effectively for questions on electromagnetic systems in competitive exams?
Ans. To prepare effectively for questions on electromagnetic systems in competitive exams, it is important to understand the fundamental principles of electromagnetism, practice solving numerical problems related to magnetic circuits, study the properties of magnetic materials, and familiarize oneself with the applications of electromagnetic systems in various devices.
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