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Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) PDF Download

Introduction

The slides cover the following topics:

Streams
Formatting Output with printf
Printing Integers
Printing Floating-Point Numbers
Printing Strings and Characters
Other Conversion Specifiers
Printing with Field Widths and Precision
Printing with Field Widths and Precision

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OBJECTIVES

In this chapter you will learn:

•To use input and output streams.

•To use all print formatting capabilities.

•To use all input formatting capabilities.

•To print with field widths and precisions.

•To use formatting flags in the printf format control string.

•To output literals and escape sequences.

•To format input using scanf.

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Outline

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Streams

9.3 Formatting Output with printf

9.4 Printing Integers

9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers

9.6 Printing Strings and Characters

9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers

9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision

9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String

9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences

9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf

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9.1 Introduction

•In this chapter

–Presentation of results

–scanf and printf

–Streams (input and output)

-gets, puts, getchar, putchar (in <stdio.h>)

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9.2 Streams

•Streams

Sequences of characters organized into lines

Each line consists of zero or more characters and ends with newline character

ANSI C must support lines of at least 254 characters

–Performs all input and output

–Can often be redirected

Standard input – keyboard

Standard output – screen

Standard error – screen

More in Chapter 11

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9.3 Formatting Output with printf

•printf

–Precise output formatting

-Conversion specifications: flags, field widths, precisions, etc.

–Can perform rounding, aligning columns, right/left justification, inserting literal characters, exponential format, hexadecimal format, and fixed width and precision

•Format

–printf( format-control-string, other-arguments );

–Format control string: describes output format

–Other-arguments: correspond to each conversion specification in format-control-string

-Each specification begins with a percent sign(%), ends with conversion specifier

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Common Programming Error 9.1

Forgetting to enclose a format-control-string in quotation marks is a syntax error.

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Good Programming Practice 9.1

Format outputs neatly for presentation to make program outputs more readable and reduce user errors.

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9.4 Printing Integers

•Integer

–Whole number (no decimal point): 25, 0, -9

–Positive, negative, or zero

–Only minus sign prints by default (later we will change this)

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Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Fig. 9.1 | Integer conversion specifiers.

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Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

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Common Programming Error 9.2

Printing a negative value with a conversion specifier that expects an unsigned value.

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9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers

•Floating Point Numbers

–Have a decimal point (33.5)

–Exponential notation (computer's version of scientific notation)

-150.3 is 1.503 x 10² in scientific

-150.3 is 1.503E+02 in exponential

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Fig. 9.3 | Floating-point conversion specifiers.

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Error-Prevention Tip 9.1

When outputting data, be sure that the user is aware of situations in which data may be imprecise due to formatting (e.g., rounding errors from specifying precisions).

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Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

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9.6 Printing Strings and Characters

•c

–Prints char argument

–Cannot be used to print the first character of a string

•s

–Requires a pointer to char as an argument

–Prints characters until NULL ('') encountered

–Cannot print a char argument

•Remember

–Single quotes for character constants ('z')

–Double quotes for strings "z" (which actually contains two characters, 'z' and '')

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Common Programming Error 9.3

Using %c to print a string is an error. The conversion specifier %c expects a char argument. A string is a pointer to char (i.e., a char *).

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Common Programming Error 9.4

Using %s to print a char argument, on some systems, causes a fatal execution-time error called an access violation. The conversion specifier %s expects an argument of type pointer to char.

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Common Programming Error 9.5

Using single quotes around character strings is a syntax error. Character strings must be enclosed in double quotes.

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Common Programming Error 9.6

Using double quotes around a character constant creates a pointer to a string consisting of two characters, the second of which is the terminating null. A character constant is a single character enclosed in single quotes.

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Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

C Formatted Input/Output-----------------------------------------------Next slide

9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers

•p

–Displays pointer value (address)

•n

–Stores number of characters already output by current printf statement

–Takes a pointer to an integer as an argument

–Nothing printed by a %n specification

–Every printf call returns a value

-Number of characters output

-Negative number if error occurs

•%

–Prints a percent sign

–%%

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Portability Tip 9.1

The conversion specifier p displays an address in an implementation-defined manner (on many systems, hexadecimal notation is used rather than decimal notation).

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Common Programming Error 9.7

Trying to print a literal percent character using % rather than %% in the format control string. When % appears in a format control string, it must be followed by a conversion specifier.

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Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Fig. 9.6 | Other conversion specifiers.

C Formatted Input/Output-----------------------------------------------Next slide

Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

C Formatted Input/Output-----------------------------------------------Next slide

Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

C Formatted Input/Output-----------------------------------------------Next slide

9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision

•Field width

–Size of field in which data is printed

–If width larger than data, default right justified

-If field width too small, increases to fit data

-Minus sign uses one character position in field

–Integer width inserted between % and conversion specifier

–%4d – field width of 4

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Common Programming Error 9.8

Not providing a sufficiently large field width to handle a value to be printed can offset other data being printed and can produce confusing outputs. Know your data!

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9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision

•Precision

–Meaning varies depending on data type

–Integers (default 1)

-Minimum number of digits to print

If data too small, prefixed with zeros

–Floating point

-Number of digits to appear after decimal (e and f)

For g – maximum number of significant digits

–Strings

-Maximum number of characters to be written from string

–Format

-Use a dot (.) then precision number after %

%.3f

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FAQs on Chapter - C Formatted Input/Output, PPT, PF, Semester, Engineering - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

1. What is the purpose of formatted input/output in C?

Ans. Formatted input/output in C allows us to control the way data is displayed or read from the console or files. It provides a way to specify the format of the data being input or output, such as the number of decimal places to display or the width of the field.

2. How can I format the output to display a floating-point number with a specific number of decimal places in C?

Ans. To format the output of a floating-point number with a specific number of decimal places in C, you can use the printf() function with the format specifier "%.nf", where 'n' is the desired number of decimal places. For example, to display a floating-point number with 2 decimal places, you would use "%.2f".

3. What is the difference between scanf() and printf() in C?

Ans. scanf() and printf() are both functions used for formatted input/output in C, but they have different purposes. scanf() is used for reading input from the user or a file, while printf() is used for displaying output to the console or a file. scanf() uses format specifiers to specify the type of input to be read, while printf() uses format specifiers to specify the type and format of output to be displayed.

4. How can I read a string with spaces using scanf() in C?

Ans. By default, scanf() stops reading input as soon as it encounters a space. To read a string with spaces using scanf() in C, you can use the format specifier "%[^\n]". This tells scanf() to read all characters until it encounters a newline character (\n), allowing you to read a string with spaces.

5. Can I use printf() to print a variable's memory address in C?

Ans. Yes, you can use printf() to print a variable's memory address in C. To do this, you can use the format specifier "%p" and pass the address of the variable as an argument. This will display the memory address of the variable in hexadecimal format. For example, printf("%p", &variable) will print the memory address of the variable.

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Oct 10, 2025 Last updated

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