Geometry Chapter Notes | Mathematics Class 2 ICSE PDF Download

Introduction

Geometry is like a fun adventure where we explore shapes and lines all around us! From the square tiles on the floor to the round plates on the table, shapes are everywhere. In this chapter, we’ll dive into the world of basic shapes, learn how to create them with paper, and discover different types of lines. Get ready to fold, cut, and trace as we make geometry exciting and easy to understand!

Basic Shapes

• A shape is made of lines and corners that form its structure.
• A corner is where two straight lines meet in a shape.
• A side is a straight line connecting two corners next to each other, also called an edge.

Square:

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  • Has four sides, all of equal length.
  • Has four corners.

Circle:

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  • Has no sides or corners.
  • Formed by a single curved line.

Rectangle:

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  • Has four sides, with opposite sides equal in length.
  • Has four corners.

Triangle:

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  • Has three sides.
  • Has three corners.

Diamond:

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  • Has four equal sides.
  • Has four corners.
  • Sides are slanting, not straight like a square.

Semicircle:

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  • Is half of a circle.
  • Has one curved edge and one straight edge.

Creating Shapes through Paper Folding and Paper Cutting

Creating Shapes through Paper Folding

Paper folding is a fun way to make different shapes.
Steps to create shapes by folding:

• Take a large square sheet of paper.

• Fold it to form a rectangle and count its sides (four) and corners (four).

• Fold the rectangle again to form a square and count its sides (four) and corners (four).

• Fold the square to form a triangle and count its sides (three) and corners (three).

This method helps create various shapes by folding paper in different ways.

Creating Shapes through Paper Cutting

Paper cutting allows us to make shapes by cutting along drawn lines.
Steps to create shapes by cutting:

• Take a square sheet and draw a line in the center. Cut along the line to get two rectangles. Each rectangle has four sides and four corners.

• Take one rectangle, draw a vertical line in the center, and cut to get two squares. Each square has four sides and four corners.

• Take a square, draw a line to form two triangles, and cut to get two triangles. Each triangle has three sides and three corners.

• Draw a circle on a sheet by tracing a circular object, then cut it out to get a circle with no sides or corners.

• Draw a line through the center of the circle and cut to get two semicircles, each with one curved and one straight edge.

Lines

Shapes are made of lines, which can be straight or curved.
Straight lines can be:

• Horizontal: Goes from left to right.

• Vertical: Goes from top to bottom.

• Slanting: A straight line that is tilted.

Curved lines bend and do not stay straight.

Shapes and their lines:

• Triangle, square, and rectangle are made of straight lines.
• Circle is made of a curved line.
• All English alphabet letters are made of straight, curved, or both types of lines.

Drawing Lines

Straight lines are drawn using a ruler or objects like a book or pencil box.

Types of straight lines to draw:

• Horizontal line: Left to right.

• Vertical line: Top to bottom.

• Slanting line: Tilted straight line.

Curved lines can be drawn freehand or by tracing objects like a bangle, plate, or bowl.

Tracing Shapes

• Tracing involves outlining the base of objects to create shapes.
• Flat shapes can be made by tracing the base of solid objects.

• Steps to trace a shape:
  • Place an object (like a clock) on paper.
    
  • Use a pencil to draw around its base.
  • The outline forms the shape (e.g., a circle from a clock’s base).