Table of contents | |
The Root | |
The Stem | |
The Leaf | |
Inflorescence | |
The Flower | |
The Fruit | |
The Seed | |
Semi-Technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant |
Flowering plants, scientifically referred to as angiosperms, represent the largest and most varied category of terrestrial plants, comprising around 300,000 identified species. The study of the external form and structure of plants is like exploring and discovering the special features of a plant through its form and appearance. This chapter explains how plants grow, starting with the roots that keep them in the ground, all the way to their beautiful flowers that we love to look at.
Let's study them one by one!
Morphology is the study of the form and structure of organisms, which includes the external features of plants such as their shapes, sizes, colors, and patterns. In the case of flowering plants, morphology helps in identifying and classifying different species based on their physical characteristics.
Morphology of a Flowering Plant
The Root is an essential part of the plant that is responsible for absorbing water and minerals from the soil. These structures play a primary role in securing the plant in the soil and taking up vital minerals, nutrients, and water from the earth. Additionally, roots serve as storage organs for storing nutrients.
(a) Taproot: The primary root is formed by elongation of the radicle and it bears secondary and tertiary roots, present in dicot plants. This root produces lateral roots of various orders, known as secondary, tertiary, and so on. Together, the primary root and its branches form the tap root system.
Example: Gram, mustard, etc.
Tap Root
(b) Fibrous root: In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots that emerge from the base of the stem. This system is known as the fibrous root system.
Example: Rice, wheat, etc.
Fibrous Root
(c) Adventitious root: Roots produced from parts of the plant other than the radicle. These are called adventitious roots.
Examples: Grass, Monstera, and the banyan tree
Adventitious Roots
The structure of a root can be categorized into 4 parts. Each part of the root has a different function. They are as follows:
Regions of Root
Root Hairs: Root hairs are fine and delicate structures that are formed from the epidermal cells in the region of maturation. They play a crucial role in absorbing water and minerals from the soil, increasing the surface area for nutrient uptake.
Modifications of Root
A stem is the upward part of a plant's axis that supports branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It originates from the plumule of a germinating seed's embryo.
Note: To make learning easier and more memorable you can use memory tricks known as mnemonics that help you remember things easily. They work by making information simpler and use shortcuts like acronyms, rhymes, and pictures to make learning fun and effective. Mnemonics reduce the effort your brain needs to remember, making studying easier and more enjoyable.
The link given below will redirect you to an interesting mnemonic document.
Mnemonics-Morphology-of-Flowering-Plants
(i) Underground Stem: They help plants sustain unfavourable conditions for growth
(ii) Stem Tendrils: these are a coiled structure that supports tender stem of the plant and help in climbing, e.g. grapes, cucumber, pumpkin
(iii) Thorn: axillary bud gets modified into pointed thorns and protects plants from grazing animals, e.g. Bougainvillea, citrus
(iv) Subaerial Weak Stem
(v) Aerial modification: The stem is completely metamorphosed for various adaptations, e.g. Phylloclade of xerophytic plants. The stem becomes fleshy and green having photosynthetic pigments to prepare food as leaves are reduced to thorns to check water loss by transpiration, e.g. Euphorbia, Opuntia
The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem. It develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil. The axillary bud later develops into a branch. They are the most important vegetative organs for photosynthesis.
Venation refers to the arrangement or pattern of veins in the leaves of plants, typically seen when observing the leaf's surface.
Venation in Leaves
Types of Venation
There are mainly two different types of leaves – simple leaves and compound leaves.
(i) Simple Leaves: In this type of leaf, the lamina is complete and the incision doesn’t reach the midrib.
(ii) Compound Leaves: incision touches midrib, which divides a leaf into a number of leaflets.
The two sub-types of compound leaves are as follows:
Pinnately and Palmately Compound Leaves
Phyllotaxy refers to the arrangement pattern of leaves on the stem or branch of a plant. It plays a role in optimizing light exposure and efficient use of space for plant growth and development.
It can be categorized into three main types: alternate, opposite and whorled:
Types of Phyllotaxy
(i) Alternate Phyllotaxy: In this type of phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node of the stem or branch in an alternate manner. This means that the leaves are not directly opposite to each other, but instead are positioned one after the other.
Example: China rose, mustard and sunflower.
(ii) Opposite Phyllotaxy: In opposite phyllotaxy, a pair of leaves arises at each node and lies opposite to each other. This means that two leaves are positioned directly across from each other on the stem or branch.
Example: Calotropis and guava.
(iii) Whorled Phyllotaxy: In whorled phyllotaxy, more than two leaves arise at a single node and form a whorl-like arrangement around the stem or branch. This means that multiple leaves are positioned in a circular or whorl-like pattern at a single node.
Example: Alstonia.
A flower is a modified shoot, where the shoot apical meristem changes into a floral meristem. Internodes don't lengthen, and the axis becomes compact. The apex generates various floral structures at successive nodes instead of leaves. When a shoot tip becomes a flower, it is always solitary.
The organization of flowers on the floral axis is called an inflorescence.
The two main types of inflorescence are:
(i) Racemose: the main axis grows indefinitely, flowers are present laterally in acropetal succession i.e. older flowers at the bottom and the younger ones at the top.
(ii) Cymose: the main axis terminates in flower and has limited growth. Flowers are borne in a basipetal order i.e. older flowers are at the top and new flowers are at the bottom.
(i) Racemose: Types of racemose inflorescence: raceme, spike, umbel, capitulum, corymb, catkin, spadix, etc.
(ii) Cymose: Types of cymose inflorescence: monochasial cyme, dichasial cyme, etc.
(i) Verticillaster: sessile flowers arranged in dichasial cyme.
Example: Ocimum, Salvia.
(ii) Cyathium: involucre of bracts form cup shape structure, single female flower is surrounded by numerous male flowers.
Example: Euphorbia.
(iii) Hypenthodium: both male and female flowers are present in a cavity with an apical opening called the ostiole.
Example: Fig.
A flower is defined as the reproductive structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is responsible for the production of seeds. It is a specialized shoot consisting of modified leaves arranged in a specific pattern.
Flower symmetry, also known as floral symmetry refers to the arrangement of floral parts (such as petals, sepals, and other structures) around the central axis of a flower.
Flower symmetry is classified into three types:
(i) Actinomorphic: They are radially symmetrical flowers.
Example: Chilli, datura, and mustard.
(ii) Zygomorphic: When a flower can be divided into two equal parts in only one vertical plane (bilaterally symmetrical).
Example: Cassia, pea, etc.
(iii) Asymmetric: Flowers with asymmetry lack any clear pattern of symmetry and do not exhibit mirror-image symmetry along any plane. Asymmetric flowers do not have equal parts when divided along any axis.
Types of flowers based on the number of parts of a flower can be: trimerous, tetramerous and pentamerous depending on the multiple of floral appendages present 3, 4 or 5.
Types of flowers based on the presence or absence of bracts (reduced leaf present at the base of pedicel) can be Bracteate or Ebracteate.
Types of flowers based on the position of the ovary, a flower can be:
(i) Hypogynous: Gynoecium occupies the highest place, above all the other parts. The ovary is known as superior.
Example: Brinjal, china rose, mustard.
(ii) Perigynous: Gynoecium is present at the same level as the rest of the parts of a flower. The ovary is known as half inferior.
Example: Peach, plum, rose.
(iii) Epigynous: Thalamus encloses the ovary completely and other parts are present above it. The ovary is known as inferior.
Example: Ray florets of a sunflower, guava, cucumber.
A flower has four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. These are attached to the swollen terminal of pedicel called the thalamus.
Parts of a flower are as follows:
(i) Calyx: A flower’s outermost whorl is made up of leaf-like structures called sepals.
Types of Calyx
There are two types of calyx. They are as follows:
(ii) Corolla: It is made up of bright-coloured petals. Present after sepals.
Types of Corolla
It is the mode of arrangement of sepals and petals. This folding or arrangement occurs to protect the delicate floral parts or leaves from adverse environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures, excessive sunlight, or water scarcity.
The main types of aestivation are:
Types of Aestivation
(iii) Androecium: It is a male reproductive part. It consists of stamens. Each stamen is made up of filament and anthers.
Types of Androecium
(iv) Gynoecium: It is a female reproductive part. It consists of carpels. Each carpel has three parts: stigma, style and ovary.
Types of Gynoecium
Placentation is the arrangement and positioning of ovules within the ovary of a flowering plant. The ovules are typically connected to the ovary through a structure called the funicle, and they attach to a specialized region of the ovary known as the placenta. This arrangement is crucial for seed development and eventual fruit formation.
Types of Placentation
Types of Placentation
(i) Marginal Placentation: In this type, the ovules are attached to the inner wall of the ovary along the margin or edge, forming a single line.
Example: Pea.
(ii) Axile Placentation: In this type, the ovules are attached to a central column or axis within the ovary. The ovules are attached in a radial or symmetrical pattern along this central axis.
Example: Lemon, china rose.
(iii) Parietal Placentation: In this type, the ovules are attached to the inner wall (parietal wall) of the ovary. They are typically arranged in a single or multiple rows along the inner surface of the ovary.
Example: Argemone, mustard.
(iv) Free Central Placentation: It is characterized by a central column within the ovary to which the ovules are attached. The ovules are attached to a central axis, and the partitions between them do not reach the center.
Example: Primrose, Dianthus.
(v) Basal Placentation: In this type, the ovules are attached at the base or bottom of the ovary. In this type, a single ovule or a group of ovules is attached at the base of the ovary.
Example: Marigold, sunflower.
The fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilisation.
After the fertilisation, the ovule develops into a seed. Seeds are crucial for the propagation and continuation of plant species.
Difference between dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous seeds are as follows:
Difference between Dicot Seed and Monocot Seed
The following floral diagram with floral formula represents the mustard plant (Family: Brassicaceae):
Floral Diagram of Bassicaceae Family
The Solanaceae family, also known as the potato family, includes around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants. It belongs to the order Solanales and has the following important characteristics:
Floral Diagram of Solanaceae Family
Plants belonging to the Solanaceae family have significant economic importance, including:
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1. What are the main parts of a flowering plant? |
2. How does the root system benefit a flowering plant? |
3. What is the function of the inflorescence in flowering plants? |
4. How do flowers contribute to the life cycle of flowering plants? |
5. What is the significance of seeds in flowering plants? |
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