Test, Measurement and Evalution Chapter Notes | Physical Education Class 11 (XI) - CBSE and NCERT Curriculum PDF Download

Definitions of Test, Measurement, and Evaluation:

Definition of Test:

• A test involves presenting situations to elicit specific responses from subjects, which can be measured quantitatively and qualitatively.
• Tests can be subjective or objective, involving activities, questions, or orders.
• Webster's Dictionary defines a test as a tool to assess the skills, knowledge, capacities, or aptitudes of individuals or groups.

Paraphrased Explanation:

• Tests, measurements, and evaluations in physical education provide essential information on the needs, capacities, abilities, and attitudes of athletes.
• Tests serve to evaluate the quality, performance, or reliability of something.
• Measurement techniques help to quantify various parameters related to sports and fitness.
• Evaluation involves assessing the results of tests and measurements to determine progress and effectiveness of programs.

Test, Measurement, and Evaluation in Physical Education

Definition of Test:

• Tests are specific tools used to elicit responses from individuals to evaluate elements like fitness, skill, knowledge, and values.
• In physical education, various tests such as Kraus Weber Test, Rock Port One Mile Test, and others are employed for program planning.

Definition of Measurement:

• Measurement involves using tests to collect data on an individual's skills or fitness level.
• Tests like Miller Volleyball Test, Johnson Basketball Ability Test, and others are examples of measurement tools.
• Measurement records responses in units like speed, weight, or height, either qualitatively or quantitatively.

Definition of Evaluation:

• Evaluation is a structured assessment to determine the value of something.
• It assesses objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability.
• For instance, a medical evaluation before an exercise regime ensures fitness.
• Evaluation involves systematic data collection and analysis, ensuring impartiality for credible results.

Importance of Test, Measurement, and Evaluation in Sports

• Getting Knowledge About the Progress:

  Test, measurement, and evaluation help physical education teachers understand the progress of students. This knowledge is crucial for both teachers and students. Lack of information about progress can leave students unaware of their standing and hinder teachers from modifying physical education programs effectively.

• Preparation of Effective Planning:

  Test, measurement, and evaluation aid in developing effective planning. Adjustments in teaching methods can be made based on assessment results, guiding and directing students appropriately.

• Knowing the Abilities and Capacities:

  Teachers can assess students' abilities and capacities through test, measurement, and evaluation, which is essential for designing suitable programs.

• Discovering the Needs of Participants:

  Assessment helps in identifying participants' strengths and weaknesses, enabling the customization of curricula and emphasizing areas that require attention.

• Motivation:

  Measurement serves as a motivational tool by enabling sportspersons to gauge their performance levels and strive for improvement. By comparing their performance with previous achievements or others, athletes are inspired to excel.

• Classification of Sportspersons:

  Individual training loads are tailored according to each athlete's capabilities. Recognizing individual differences is crucial in optimizing training strategies.

Importance of Test, Measurement, and Evaluation in Sports

• Classification of Sportspersons

• Individualized training load is crucial for sportspersons based on their capacities and capabilities.
• Test, measurement, and evaluation aid in properly classifying sportspersons according to physical, mental, and psychological attributes.
• Sportspersons can be grouped into homogeneous categories when necessary.
• 
  

  • Predicting Future Achievements

  • Current performance assessment through tests can help in forecasting future accomplishments of sportspersons.
• 
  

  • Research and Experimentation

  • Test, measurement, and evaluation play a significant role in research and experimentation within physical education and sports.
  • They contribute to the advancement of the physical education profession by identifying knowledge gaps and developing new methods.

Calculation of BMI and Waist-Hip Ratio

Body Mass Index (BMI)

• The BMI, also known as the Quetelet Index, compares an individual's weight and height.
• It estimates healthy body weight based on height, helping identify weight issues like underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obesity.
• BMI is calculated as an individual's weight divided by the square of their height and is measured in kg/m².
• To calculate BMI: BMI = (Weight in kg) / (Height in meters x Height in meters).

Summary of Test, Measurement, and Evaluation

Measurement of Height and Weight

• The process of measuring an individual's height and weight is crucial in determining Body Mass Index (BMI).
• For instance, if someone weighs 70 kg and has a height of 1.60 m, these values are used to calculate BMI.
• The BMI formula: Weight (kg) / (Height (m) * Height (m)) = BMI in kg/m^2.

Categories based on BMI

Table:

Interpreting BMI

• Based on the BMI value, individuals can determine if they are underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese according to WHO criteria.
• An example: A BMI of 27.34 kg/m^2 falls in the overweight category.

Calculating BMI

• BMI can be calculated using a Body Mass Index chart, which categorizes BMI values.
• Chart ranges: <18.5 (Underweight), 18.5-24.9 (Normal weight), 25.0-29.9 (Overweight), 30.0-34.9 (Obesity Class I), 35.0-39.9 (Obesity Class II), >40 (Obesity Class III).

Body Mass Index Chart

Table:

Weight Progression

• Starting Weight: 72 kg
• Progressive Weights:
• 
  
  • 75 kg
  • 78 kg
  • 81 kg
  • 84 kg
  • 87 kg
  • 90 kg
  • 93 kg
  • 96 kg
  • 99 kg
  • 102 kg
  • 105 kg

Repetitions and Sets

Repetitions:

• 32
• 33
• 35
• ...

Sets:

• 30
• 31
• 32
• ...

Weight Progression Example

For instance, starting with a weight of 72 kg, the progression could follow as 75 kg - 78 kg - 81 kg and so on.

Weight Progression Table

Weight Progression Details

The weight progression starts at 72 kg and increases by 3 kg increments up to 105 kg with corresponding repetitions and sets for each weight.

Repetitions and Sets Explanation

The repetitions and sets vary from 32 to 105 and 30 to 32 respectively, indicating the number of times an exercise is performed and the group of repeated exercises.

Weight Progression Example

An example of weight progression would be starting at 72 kg and gradually increasing to heavier weights like 105 kg in an exercise routine.

Precautions during Measurements

• The body weight should be measured using a reliable weighing machine.
• Minimal clothing should be worn when measuring body weight.
• Height measurements should be taken bare-footed with the body in a straight position.

Calculation of Waist-Hip Ratio

• Waist-hip ratio is calculated by dividing waist circumference by hip circumference.
• For example, if a male has a waist measurement of 33 inches and a hip measurement of 44 inches, the waist-hip ratio is 0.75.
• A waist-hip ratio above 1.00 for males and 0.85 for females indicates a health risk.
• Exceeding these ratios puts individuals at a very high risk of various health conditions.
• Waist-hip ratio is used as a risk assessment tool for heart diseases, hypertension, and type II diabetes.
• Central or visceral obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke.
• Individuals with an 'apple-shaped' body (more weight around waist) face higher health risks compared to those with a 'pear-shaped' body (more weight around hips).

Administration

To determine your waist-hip ratio, measure hip circumference at the widest part of your buttocks and waist circumference just above the belly button.

Calculate the waist-hip ratio using the formula:

TEST, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

Paraphrasing the information provided, the waist-hip ratio is a crucial measure of health risk based on waist circumference divided by hip circumference. It serves as an indicator for potential cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and type II diabetes. Central obesity, especially around the waist, poses significant health risks, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy waist-hip ratio.

Body Measurements and Health Risk

• Measurements can be taken in inches or centimeters.
• Degree of health risk can be better estimated by using BMI along with waist-hip ratio.

Somatotypes or Body Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy, and Ectomorphy)

Individual Differences

• No two persons are alike; various types of individual differences exist.
• Physically, people differ in height, weight, and body composition.
• Classification of individuals is complex due to both differences and similarities.

Classification by Hippocrates

• Phlegmatic: Weak, idle, passive, lethargic individuals who work slowly.
• Sanguine: Physically fit, optimistic, and enthusiastic individuals who work quickly and efficiently.

Psychologists classify individuals based on physical, mental, and practical characteristics to aid in teaching various physical activities, games, and sports effectively.

Classification of Individuals by Ernest Kretschmer

• Pyknic:
  • Short statured individuals with a round head and face
  • Stocky and fatty
  • Enjoy sedentary lifestyle and remain happy
  • Interact easily with others
• Asthenic:
  • Tall and slim with weak body structure
  • Self-centered and talk less to others
  • Prefer leading a solitary life
  • Intelligent but introverted
• Athletic:
  • Broad shoulders, strong body structure, and powerful muscles
  • Active, agile, powerful, and intelligent
  • Believe in action over words
  • Keen interest in physical activities, games, and sports

Classification of Individuals by William Herbert Sheldon

• Endomorph:
  • Short arms and legs with rounded physique
  • Difficulty losing weight due to adipose tissue deposits
  • Underdeveloped muscles and high fat storage capacity
  • Pear-shaped body, inclined to obesity
• Mesomorph:
  • Muscular individuals with athletic physique
  • Quick and easy muscle size increase

Personality Classification

• Choleric:
  • Very aggressive behavior
  • Physically strong but emotionally weak
  • High aspirations and hard workers
  • Get worked-up over small matters
• Melancholic:
  • Physically and mentally weak
  • Pensive and pessimistic outlook
  • Analytical and contemplative

Somatotypes: Understanding Body Types

• Endomorph

  Individuals with an endomorph body type typically exhibit a well-developed rectangular shape, characterized by thick bones and muscles. Their chest and shoulders are notably larger and broader compared to their waistline. Endomorphs are physiologically adept at various activities and tend to display athletic aggressiveness.

  They tend to store fat evenly throughout their bodies, but can risk becoming overweight if they lead a sedentary lifestyle and consume a high-calorie diet. Due to their strength, agility, and speed, endomorphs excel in sports that demand great strength, short bursts of energy, and power, positioning them as strong contenders in various athletic competitions.

  Examples of sports where endomorphs may thrive include weightlifting, American football, wrestling, and sumo wrestling.

• Mesomorph

  Mesomorphs are characterized by a body structure that is lean and muscular. They possess a balanced physique with well-defined muscles and a moderate amount of body fat. Mesomorphs are known for their ability to quickly build muscle mass and excel in activities that require strength, agility, and power.

  They are often top performers in sports such as bodybuilding, powerlifting, sprinting, and rugby. Their physical attributes make them well-suited for sports that demand explosive movements and physical prowess.

• Ectomorph

  Ectomorphs are individuals characterized by a slim body structure with elongated muscles and limbs. They typically have a weak body constitution and face challenges in gaining weight or muscle mass. Ectomorphs often have flat chests and minimal muscle definition, creating the impression of being taller than they actually are.

  Despite lacking significant muscle mass, ectomorphs excel in endurance sports due to their natural ability to perform well in activities requiring stamina. They have a fast metabolism that aids in burning fat and are inclined towards activities like long-distance running, cycling, and gymnastics.

  Examples of sports where ectomorphs may excel include long-distance running, cycling, gymnastics, and endurance-based activities.

• Measuring Somatotype

  The somatotype or body type of an individual is typically assessed using the Heath-Carter measurement system. This system calculates ratings for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy based on various anthropometric measurements.

  Each individual is classified on a scale of 1 to 7 in each of the three categories, with 1 representing the lowest rating and 7 representing the highest. These three numbers together form a somatotype number, with the endomorphy score taking precedence, followed by mesomorphy and ectomorphy.

  The scores obtained can be plotted on a shield diagram to visually represent an individual's body type composition. By using this scoring system, individuals can compare their body types with those of other athletes or individuals.

Measurement of Health-Related Fitness

• Introduction

  Health-related fitness is a crucial aspect of physical education programs. It involves assessing various components to design personalized fitness plans.

• Components of Health-Related Fitness

  1. Cardiovascular Endurance

     Cardiovascular endurance is the ability to sustain whole-body exercise over an extended period. It relies on a strong heart, healthy lungs, and clear blood vessels for oxygen supply.

     Examples of tests: VO2 Max Test, Endurance Run/Walk, Harvard Step Test, etc.

  2. Muscular Strength

     Muscular strength is the force muscles can exert. Tests include partial push-ups, heavy weight lifting, pull-ups, and more.

  3. Muscular Endurance

     Muscular endurance is the ability of muscles to perform repetitive exercises without fatigue. Tests: push-ups, pull-ups, running on a treadmill, etc.

  4. Flexibility

     Flexibility refers to joint range of motion. Tests like Sit and Reach, V-sit Test, and others assess flexibility.

  5. Body Composition

     Body composition is the proportion of lean body mass to body fat. It can be measured using calipers, specialized scales, or BMI calculations.

Test, Measurement, and Evaluation

• Assessment and evaluation are essential in monitoring fitness progress and determining the effectiveness of fitness programs.

Harvard Step Test: Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment

• Description

  • The Harvard Step Test, also known as the Aerobic Fitness Test, was created by Brouha and others in 1943 to evaluate cardiovascular or aerobic fitness.

• Equipment Required

  • A gym bench or box 20 inches high for men and 16 inches for women, a stopwatch, and a cadence tape are needed.

• Procedure

  • The athlete steps up and down on the bench at a rate of 30 steps per minute for 5 minutes (150 steps).
  • Heartbeats are counted at specific intervals after completion of the test to determine the recovery rate.
  • Calculation of the fitness index score is done using a specific formula based on the test duration and heartbeats during recovery periods.

• Fitness Index Score Calculation

  • The fitness index score is calculated using the formula: Fitness index score = (100 * test duration in seconds) / (2 * sum of heartbeats in recovery periods).
  • An example calculation is provided to illustrate how the fitness index score is determined based on test duration and heartbeats recorded during recovery.

• Fitness Index Score Interpretation

  Male	Female
  >90.0: Excellent	>86.0: Excellent
  80.0-90.0: Good/Above average	76.0-85.9: Good/Above average
  65.0-79.9: Average	61.0-75.9: Average
  55.0-64.9: Below average	50.0-60.9: Below average
  <55: Poor	<50: Poor

Push Ups

• Purpose: To assess upper body strength and endurance.
• Equipment Required: Floor mat, paper for recording basic information (e.g., age, gender), and total number of push ups performed.
• Procedure:
  • After warming up, the subject assumes a push-up position with hands and toes touching the mat/floor.
  • Hands should be shoulder-width apart, maintaining a straight line from upper body to legs.
  • Elbows fully extended, back and knees straight, the subject lowers the upper body until elbows bend to 90 degrees or chest touches the mat/floor.
  • Return to starting position with arms extended; one repetition completed.
  • Repeat until exhaustion, counting total push ups performed.

Modified Push Ups

• Purpose: To evaluate upper body strength and endurance in females.
• Equipment Required: Mat, paper for recording basic information, and total number of modified push ups performed.
• Procedure:
  • After warming up, the subject assumes a modified push-up position with hands and knees touching the mat/floor.
  • Hands shoulder-width apart, body in a straight line from knees to shoulders.
  • Lower the upper body until elbows bend to 90 degrees, then return to starting position.
  • Repeat until exhaustion, counting total modified push ups performed.

Push Up Test Norms for Men

Age Categories for Women

• 17-19
  • Excellent: >35
  • Good: 27-35
  • Above average: 21-27
  • Average: 11-20
  • Below average: 6-10
  • Poor: 2-5
  • Very Poor: 0-1
• 20-29
  • Excellent: >36
  • Good: 30-36
  • Above average: 23-29
  • Average: 12-22
  • Below average: 7-11
  • Poor: 2-6
  • Very Poor: 0-1
• 30-39
  • Excellent: >37
  • Good: 30-37
  • Above average: 22-30
  • Average: 10-21
  • Below average: 5-9
  • Poor: 1-4
  • Very Poor: 0
• 40-49
  • Excellent: >31
  • Good: 25-31
  • Above average: 18-24
  • Average: 8-17
  • Below average: 4-7
  • Poor: 1-3
  • Very Poor: 0

Partial Curl Up Test

Purpose: To assess the muscular strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, crucial for posture maintenance and back pain prevention.

• 50-59
  • Excellent: >25
  • Good: 21-25
  • Above average: 15-20
  • Average: 7-14
  • Below average: 3-6
  • Poor: 1-2
  • Very Poor: 0

Equipment Required: A flat clean and cushioned surface, recording sheet, and pen.

Procedure: Explain the test, subject lies down, knees flexed, feet positioned, arms extended, and curl up slowly. Test continues without pauses.

• This test is simple and quick to perform.
• It requires minimal equipment.
• Multiple subjects can be tested simultaneously.

Sit and Reach Test

The sit-and-reach test, developed by Wells and Dillon in 1952, measures flexibility.

• 60-65
  • Excellent: >23
  • Good: 19-23
  • Above average: 13-18
  • Average: 5-12
  • Below average: 2-4
  • Poor: 1
  • Very Poor: 0

Scoring: Record total number of partial curl-ups where shoulders are raised by 2 inches.

Advantages: Widely used flexibility test for assessing hip, lower back, and hamstring flexibility.

Purpose: Measures flexibility impacting injury risk, lumbar lordosis, and lower back pain.

Sit-and-Reach Test

• Equipment Required: Sit-and-reach box or a makeshift ruler and a box
• Procedure:
  • Remove shoes and socks
  • Sit on the floor with legs stretched out, soles flat against the box
  • Lock both knees and press them flat to the floor
  • Palm facing downwards, hands on top of each other or side by side
  • Extend both hands forward along the measuring line without jerking
  • Hold the full reach position for two seconds
  • Record the score to the nearest centimeter or half inch
• Scoring: Record the distance reached by fingertips of both hands
• Advantages:
  • Simple test for flexibility assessment
  • Easy to perform
• Disadvantages: Primarily assesses lower back and hamstring flexibility

Body Mass Index (BMI)

• Definition: Body Mass Index (BMI) measures body composition
• Calculation: BMI = (Weight in kg) / (Height in meters)^2
• Equipment Required: Scales and stadiometer
• Procedure:
  • Calculate BMI from body weight and height
  • Higher scores indicate higher levels of body fat
• Scoring: Use the BMI classification system of the World Health Organization

BMI Categories

• Less than 18.5: Underweight
• 18.5 - 24.9: Normal weight
• 25.0 - 29.9: Overweight
• 30.0 - 34.9: Obesity class I
• 35.0 - 39.9: Obesity class II
• 40.0 - 49.9: Obesity class III

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to evaluate an individual's body weight in relation to their height. It categorizes individuals into different groups based on their BMI values. The categories are as follows:

Underweight

When someone has a BMI of less than 18.5, they are classified as underweight. This indicates that the individual may be below the healthy weight range for their height.

Normal weight

A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 falls into the normal weight category. Individuals in this range are generally considered to have a healthy weight in relation to their height.

Overweight

Individuals with a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 are classified as overweight. This suggests that a person may have a higher weight than what is considered healthy for their height.

Obesity class I

Obesity class I includes those with a BMI ranging from 30.0 to 34.9. This category indicates the presence of obesity, which can have implications for health and well-being.

Obesity class II

Individuals with a BMI falling between 35.0 and 39.9 are classified under obesity class II. This signifies a more severe level of obesity.

Obesity class III

Obesity class III is the most severe category, with individuals having a BMI of 40.0 to 49.9. This level of obesity can pose significant health risks and may require medical intervention.

For example, if a person has a BMI of 29.0, they would fall into the "Overweight" category. Similarly, if another individual has a BMI of 32.5, they would be categorized under "Obesity class I."