Cheatsheet: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution | Social Studies (SST) Class 9 PDF Download

 Page 1


Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolu tion -
Class 9 Cheatsheet
1. The A ge of Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Impact of French
Revolution
The French Revolution introduced ideas of
freedom and equality , challenging the tr aditional
social structure dominated b y aristocr acy and the
church. It inspired discussions on individual
rights and social power globally , including in
India b y figures lik e Raja Rammohan Ro y and
Derozio.
Political Tr aditions
Three main groups emerged: Conservatives
(accepted gr adual change), Liber als (wanted
toler ance and representative government but
limited voting rights), and Radicals (sought
majority-based government and supported
women’ s suffr age).
1.1 Liber als, Radicals, and Conservatives
Subtopic Brief
Liber als
A dvocated for religious toler ance, representative
parliamentary government, and an independent
judiciary . Opposed universal suffr age, believing
only property-owning men should vote.
Radicals
Supported majority-based government, women’ s
suffr age, and opposed privileges of wealth y
landowners and factory owners. Dislik ed
concentr ation of property .
Conservatives
Initially resistant to change, but b y the 19th
century , accepted gr adual change while
respecting the past. Opposed r adical
tr ansformations.
1
Page 2


Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolu tion -
Class 9 Cheatsheet
1. The A ge of Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Impact of French
Revolution
The French Revolution introduced ideas of
freedom and equality , challenging the tr aditional
social structure dominated b y aristocr acy and the
church. It inspired discussions on individual
rights and social power globally , including in
India b y figures lik e Raja Rammohan Ro y and
Derozio.
Political Tr aditions
Three main groups emerged: Conservatives
(accepted gr adual change), Liber als (wanted
toler ance and representative government but
limited voting rights), and Radicals (sought
majority-based government and supported
women’ s suffr age).
1.1 Liber als, Radicals, and Conservatives
Subtopic Brief
Liber als
A dvocated for religious toler ance, representative
parliamentary government, and an independent
judiciary . Opposed universal suffr age, believing
only property-owning men should vote.
Radicals
Supported majority-based government, women’ s
suffr age, and opposed privileges of wealth y
landowners and factory owners. Dislik ed
concentr ation of property .
Conservatives
Initially resistant to change, but b y the 19th
century , accepted gr adual change while
respecting the past. Opposed r adical
tr ansformations.
1
1.2 Industrial Society and Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Industrial
Revolution
New cities and industrialized regions developed,
with r ailwa ys expanding. Long work hours, poor
wages, unemplo yment, and housing issues were
common.
Liber al and Radical
Solutions
Liber als and r adicals, often property owners,
promoted individual effort and education to
improve workforce health and societal
development. Some supported revolutions to
overthrow monarchies.
1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Subtopic Brief
Socialist Ideas
Socialists opposed private property , seeing it as
the root of social issues. They advocated for
collective control of property to prioritize social
welfare.
K ey Figures
Robert Owen proposed cooper ative communities
(e.g., New Harmon y). Louis Blanc advocated
government-supported cooper atives. Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels argued for overthrowing
capitalism to create a communist society .
1.4 Support for Socialism
Subtopic Brief
Spread of Socialism
B y the 1870s, socialist ideas spread across Europe,
leading to the formation of the Second
International to coordinate efforts. W ork ers
formed associations for better conditions.
Political Impact
Socialist parties (e.g., SPD in German y , Labour
Party in Britain) influenced legislation but did not
form governments before 1914.
2
Page 3


Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolu tion -
Class 9 Cheatsheet
1. The A ge of Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Impact of French
Revolution
The French Revolution introduced ideas of
freedom and equality , challenging the tr aditional
social structure dominated b y aristocr acy and the
church. It inspired discussions on individual
rights and social power globally , including in
India b y figures lik e Raja Rammohan Ro y and
Derozio.
Political Tr aditions
Three main groups emerged: Conservatives
(accepted gr adual change), Liber als (wanted
toler ance and representative government but
limited voting rights), and Radicals (sought
majority-based government and supported
women’ s suffr age).
1.1 Liber als, Radicals, and Conservatives
Subtopic Brief
Liber als
A dvocated for religious toler ance, representative
parliamentary government, and an independent
judiciary . Opposed universal suffr age, believing
only property-owning men should vote.
Radicals
Supported majority-based government, women’ s
suffr age, and opposed privileges of wealth y
landowners and factory owners. Dislik ed
concentr ation of property .
Conservatives
Initially resistant to change, but b y the 19th
century , accepted gr adual change while
respecting the past. Opposed r adical
tr ansformations.
1
1.2 Industrial Society and Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Industrial
Revolution
New cities and industrialized regions developed,
with r ailwa ys expanding. Long work hours, poor
wages, unemplo yment, and housing issues were
common.
Liber al and Radical
Solutions
Liber als and r adicals, often property owners,
promoted individual effort and education to
improve workforce health and societal
development. Some supported revolutions to
overthrow monarchies.
1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Subtopic Brief
Socialist Ideas
Socialists opposed private property , seeing it as
the root of social issues. They advocated for
collective control of property to prioritize social
welfare.
K ey Figures
Robert Owen proposed cooper ative communities
(e.g., New Harmon y). Louis Blanc advocated
government-supported cooper atives. Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels argued for overthrowing
capitalism to create a communist society .
1.4 Support for Socialism
Subtopic Brief
Spread of Socialism
B y the 1870s, socialist ideas spread across Europe,
leading to the formation of the Second
International to coordinate efforts. W ork ers
formed associations for better conditions.
Political Impact
Socialist parties (e.g., SPD in German y , Labour
Party in Britain) influenced legislation but did not
form governments before 1914.
2
2. The Russian Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Overview
Socialists took over Russia in the October
Revolution of 1917, following the fall of the
monarch y in F ebruary 1917, known collectively
as the Russian Revolution.
Russian Empire in
1914
Ruled b y T sar Nicholas II, the empire was vast,
including modern-da y Finland, Baltic states, and
Centr al Asia. Russian Orthodox Christianity was
dominant, but other religions existed.
2.2 Econom y and Society
Subtopic Brief
A griculture
85% of the population were agriculturists, higher
than in Europe. Russia was a major gr ain
exporter .
Industry
Concentr ated in St. Petersburg and Moscow , with
factories and cr aft workshops. W ork ers faced
long hours and poor conditions.
Social Divisions
W ork ers were divided b y skill and origin;
peasants were divided, with nobles and the
church owning large lands. Peasants often
resisted nobles.
2.3 Socialism in Russia
Subtopic Brief
Political Parties
The Russian Social Democr atic W ork ers Party
(1898) and Socialist Revolutionary Party (1900)
were illegal but mobilized work ers and peasants.
Bolsheviks vs.
Mensheviks
Lenin’ s Bolsheviks favored a disciplined party ,
while Mensheviks wanted an open party .
Disagreements existed over peasants’ role in
socialism.
2.4 The 1905 Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Causes
Economic hardship, rising prices, and dismissals
led to strik es, culminating in Bloody Sunda y when
work ers were attack ed at the Winter Palace.
Outcomes
The T sar created the Duma but restricted its
power and political activity , leading to continued
unrest.
3
Page 4


Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolu tion -
Class 9 Cheatsheet
1. The A ge of Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Impact of French
Revolution
The French Revolution introduced ideas of
freedom and equality , challenging the tr aditional
social structure dominated b y aristocr acy and the
church. It inspired discussions on individual
rights and social power globally , including in
India b y figures lik e Raja Rammohan Ro y and
Derozio.
Political Tr aditions
Three main groups emerged: Conservatives
(accepted gr adual change), Liber als (wanted
toler ance and representative government but
limited voting rights), and Radicals (sought
majority-based government and supported
women’ s suffr age).
1.1 Liber als, Radicals, and Conservatives
Subtopic Brief
Liber als
A dvocated for religious toler ance, representative
parliamentary government, and an independent
judiciary . Opposed universal suffr age, believing
only property-owning men should vote.
Radicals
Supported majority-based government, women’ s
suffr age, and opposed privileges of wealth y
landowners and factory owners. Dislik ed
concentr ation of property .
Conservatives
Initially resistant to change, but b y the 19th
century , accepted gr adual change while
respecting the past. Opposed r adical
tr ansformations.
1
1.2 Industrial Society and Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Industrial
Revolution
New cities and industrialized regions developed,
with r ailwa ys expanding. Long work hours, poor
wages, unemplo yment, and housing issues were
common.
Liber al and Radical
Solutions
Liber als and r adicals, often property owners,
promoted individual effort and education to
improve workforce health and societal
development. Some supported revolutions to
overthrow monarchies.
1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Subtopic Brief
Socialist Ideas
Socialists opposed private property , seeing it as
the root of social issues. They advocated for
collective control of property to prioritize social
welfare.
K ey Figures
Robert Owen proposed cooper ative communities
(e.g., New Harmon y). Louis Blanc advocated
government-supported cooper atives. Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels argued for overthrowing
capitalism to create a communist society .
1.4 Support for Socialism
Subtopic Brief
Spread of Socialism
B y the 1870s, socialist ideas spread across Europe,
leading to the formation of the Second
International to coordinate efforts. W ork ers
formed associations for better conditions.
Political Impact
Socialist parties (e.g., SPD in German y , Labour
Party in Britain) influenced legislation but did not
form governments before 1914.
2
2. The Russian Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Overview
Socialists took over Russia in the October
Revolution of 1917, following the fall of the
monarch y in F ebruary 1917, known collectively
as the Russian Revolution.
Russian Empire in
1914
Ruled b y T sar Nicholas II, the empire was vast,
including modern-da y Finland, Baltic states, and
Centr al Asia. Russian Orthodox Christianity was
dominant, but other religions existed.
2.2 Econom y and Society
Subtopic Brief
A griculture
85% of the population were agriculturists, higher
than in Europe. Russia was a major gr ain
exporter .
Industry
Concentr ated in St. Petersburg and Moscow , with
factories and cr aft workshops. W ork ers faced
long hours and poor conditions.
Social Divisions
W ork ers were divided b y skill and origin;
peasants were divided, with nobles and the
church owning large lands. Peasants often
resisted nobles.
2.3 Socialism in Russia
Subtopic Brief
Political Parties
The Russian Social Democr atic W ork ers Party
(1898) and Socialist Revolutionary Party (1900)
were illegal but mobilized work ers and peasants.
Bolsheviks vs.
Mensheviks
Lenin’ s Bolsheviks favored a disciplined party ,
while Mensheviks wanted an open party .
Disagreements existed over peasants’ role in
socialism.
2.4 The 1905 Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Causes
Economic hardship, rising prices, and dismissals
led to strik es, culminating in Bloody Sunda y when
work ers were attack ed at the Winter Palace.
Outcomes
The T sar created the Duma but restricted its
power and political activity , leading to continued
unrest.
3
2.5 The First W orld W ar and the Russian Empire
Subtopic Brief
W ar Impact
The war caused heavy casualties (7 million b y
1917), industrial decline, and food shortages. The
T sar ’ s refusal to consult the Duma and German
associations discredited the government.
3. The F ebruary Revolution in Petrogr ad
Subtopic Brief
Events
F ood shortages and strik es in Petrogr ad, led b y
women on International W omen’ s Da y , led to the
Duma’ s suspension and the T sar ’ s abdication on 2
March 1917. The Petrogr ad Soviet was formed.
K ey Figures
W omen work ers, lik e Marfa V asileva, pla yed a
significant role in initiating strik es.
3.1 After F ebruary
Subtopic Brief
Provisional
Government
F ormed b y Soviet and Duma leaders, it removed
restrictions on public meetings and saw growing
Bolshevik influence.
Lenin’ s April
Theses
Lenin demanded an end to the war , land
redistribution, and bank nationalization,
renaming the Bolsheviks the Communist Party .
3.2 The October Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Events
On 24 October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led b y Lenin
and Trotskii, seized power through a swift
uprising, capturing k ey government buildings in
Petrogr ad.
Outcome
The Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrogr ad
area b y December 1917, with the All Russian
Congress of Soviets approving the action.
4
Page 5


Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolu tion -
Class 9 Cheatsheet
1. The A ge of Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Impact of French
Revolution
The French Revolution introduced ideas of
freedom and equality , challenging the tr aditional
social structure dominated b y aristocr acy and the
church. It inspired discussions on individual
rights and social power globally , including in
India b y figures lik e Raja Rammohan Ro y and
Derozio.
Political Tr aditions
Three main groups emerged: Conservatives
(accepted gr adual change), Liber als (wanted
toler ance and representative government but
limited voting rights), and Radicals (sought
majority-based government and supported
women’ s suffr age).
1.1 Liber als, Radicals, and Conservatives
Subtopic Brief
Liber als
A dvocated for religious toler ance, representative
parliamentary government, and an independent
judiciary . Opposed universal suffr age, believing
only property-owning men should vote.
Radicals
Supported majority-based government, women’ s
suffr age, and opposed privileges of wealth y
landowners and factory owners. Dislik ed
concentr ation of property .
Conservatives
Initially resistant to change, but b y the 19th
century , accepted gr adual change while
respecting the past. Opposed r adical
tr ansformations.
1
1.2 Industrial Society and Social Change
Subtopic Brief
Industrial
Revolution
New cities and industrialized regions developed,
with r ailwa ys expanding. Long work hours, poor
wages, unemplo yment, and housing issues were
common.
Liber al and Radical
Solutions
Liber als and r adicals, often property owners,
promoted individual effort and education to
improve workforce health and societal
development. Some supported revolutions to
overthrow monarchies.
1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Subtopic Brief
Socialist Ideas
Socialists opposed private property , seeing it as
the root of social issues. They advocated for
collective control of property to prioritize social
welfare.
K ey Figures
Robert Owen proposed cooper ative communities
(e.g., New Harmon y). Louis Blanc advocated
government-supported cooper atives. Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels argued for overthrowing
capitalism to create a communist society .
1.4 Support for Socialism
Subtopic Brief
Spread of Socialism
B y the 1870s, socialist ideas spread across Europe,
leading to the formation of the Second
International to coordinate efforts. W ork ers
formed associations for better conditions.
Political Impact
Socialist parties (e.g., SPD in German y , Labour
Party in Britain) influenced legislation but did not
form governments before 1914.
2
2. The Russian Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Overview
Socialists took over Russia in the October
Revolution of 1917, following the fall of the
monarch y in F ebruary 1917, known collectively
as the Russian Revolution.
Russian Empire in
1914
Ruled b y T sar Nicholas II, the empire was vast,
including modern-da y Finland, Baltic states, and
Centr al Asia. Russian Orthodox Christianity was
dominant, but other religions existed.
2.2 Econom y and Society
Subtopic Brief
A griculture
85% of the population were agriculturists, higher
than in Europe. Russia was a major gr ain
exporter .
Industry
Concentr ated in St. Petersburg and Moscow , with
factories and cr aft workshops. W ork ers faced
long hours and poor conditions.
Social Divisions
W ork ers were divided b y skill and origin;
peasants were divided, with nobles and the
church owning large lands. Peasants often
resisted nobles.
2.3 Socialism in Russia
Subtopic Brief
Political Parties
The Russian Social Democr atic W ork ers Party
(1898) and Socialist Revolutionary Party (1900)
were illegal but mobilized work ers and peasants.
Bolsheviks vs.
Mensheviks
Lenin’ s Bolsheviks favored a disciplined party ,
while Mensheviks wanted an open party .
Disagreements existed over peasants’ role in
socialism.
2.4 The 1905 Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Causes
Economic hardship, rising prices, and dismissals
led to strik es, culminating in Bloody Sunda y when
work ers were attack ed at the Winter Palace.
Outcomes
The T sar created the Duma but restricted its
power and political activity , leading to continued
unrest.
3
2.5 The First W orld W ar and the Russian Empire
Subtopic Brief
W ar Impact
The war caused heavy casualties (7 million b y
1917), industrial decline, and food shortages. The
T sar ’ s refusal to consult the Duma and German
associations discredited the government.
3. The F ebruary Revolution in Petrogr ad
Subtopic Brief
Events
F ood shortages and strik es in Petrogr ad, led b y
women on International W omen’ s Da y , led to the
Duma’ s suspension and the T sar ’ s abdication on 2
March 1917. The Petrogr ad Soviet was formed.
K ey Figures
W omen work ers, lik e Marfa V asileva, pla yed a
significant role in initiating strik es.
3.1 After F ebruary
Subtopic Brief
Provisional
Government
F ormed b y Soviet and Duma leaders, it removed
restrictions on public meetings and saw growing
Bolshevik influence.
Lenin’ s April
Theses
Lenin demanded an end to the war , land
redistribution, and bank nationalization,
renaming the Bolsheviks the Communist Party .
3.2 The October Revolution
Subtopic Brief
Events
On 24 October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led b y Lenin
and Trotskii, seized power through a swift
uprising, capturing k ey government buildings in
Petrogr ad.
Outcome
The Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrogr ad
area b y December 1917, with the All Russian
Congress of Soviets approving the action.
4
4. What Changed after October?
Subtopic Brief
Bolshevik Policies
Nationalized industry and banks, socialized land,
banned aristocr atic titles, and established a
one-party state under the Communist Party .
Censorship
The secret police (Cheka, later OGPU and NKVD)
suppressed criticism, leading to disillusionment
among some supporters.
4.1 The Civil W ar
Subtopic Brief
Conflict
The Bolsheviks (reds) fought the whites
(pro-T sarists) and greens (Socialist
Revolutionaries), back ed b y foreign troops, from
1918 to 1919.
Outcome
B y 1920, the Bolsheviks controlled most of the
former empire, partly due to cooper ation with
non-Russian nationalities.
4.2 Making a Socialist Society
Subtopic Brief
Five Y ear Plans
Centr alized planning from 1927-1938 drove
industrial growth (e.g., 100% increase in oil, coal,
and steel production). New factory cities lik e
Magnitogorsk were built.
Social Reforms
Extended schooling, university access for
work ers, crèches, and public healthcare were
introduced, though resources were limited.
4.3 Stalinism and Collectivisation
Subtopic Brief
Collectivisation
From 1929, peasants were forced into collective
farms (k olkhozy). Resistance led to livestock
destruction and famine (over 4 million died).
Repression
K ulaks were eliminated, and critics were
imprisoned or executed, with over 2 million in
camps b y 1939.
5