Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Question Answers - Development

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: On the basis of the given table answer the following questions:
(a) Calculate the average income of country A and B.
(b) Are both the countries equally developed?
(c) Which country is better and why?
Ans:
(a) Average income of country A is: (9500+ 10500+ 9800 + 10000+ 10200)/5 = Rs. 10,000
Average income of country B is: (500 + 500 + 500 + 500 + 48000)/5 = Rs. 10,000
(b) No– Both the countries are not equally developed
(c) Country ‘A’ is better because the distribution of income is more or less equal.

Q2: In what respect is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans: The World Bank uses ‘‘Per capita’’ income as the sole criterion for measuring development of countries where as the UNDP uses many criteria such as health status, education status as well as per capita income for measuring development.
For example, in India suppose two people live; one is Mukesh Ambani and other is a rickshaw puller. Income of Mukesh Ambani is Rs. 50 crore annually while that of rickshaw puller is only Rs. 12000. But when per capita income is calculated then both will be showing having 25 crore and 6 thousand each, which is not true. So, the UNDP uses a much more realistic method to measure the development. It includes, educational status, health status, and per capita income as well. It provides real development status of the country.

Q3: Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any four public facilities.
Ans: Public facilities are essential for the social and economic development. Economic development and social development are both dependent on public facilities such as education, health etc. Without these people cannot achieve their full potential.
Some important public facilities are
(a) Construction of roads, railways, generating electricity, developing ports etc. These are used by people so they have to be developed.
(b) Providing essential goods at cheap rates or below their cost price so that even poor people can afford them. Such activities have to be undertaken by the government.
(c) Providing adequate health and education facilities to each and every citizen is a primary duty of any government. Such services are essential because a healthy and educated citizen is an asset for the country.
(d) Providing safe drinking water, housing and nutritious food to children etc., are other such public facilities which are essential.

Q4: What are the two basic criteria used for comparing an underdeveloped country with a developed one?
Ans: The two criteria are
(a) On the basis of per capita income: In the 2006 World Development Report, this criterion was used for classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of Rs. 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, were called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs. 37,000 or less were called low-income countries.
(b) On the basis of Human Development Index:- According to this criteria the countries are ranked on the basis of life expectancy, literacy rate and health status etc.

Q5: What do you mean by Human Development Index? What are its three components?
Ans: Human Development Index means the criteria developed by the UNDP to compare the countries' development.
The main components of the Human Development Index are
(i) Educational levels of the people.
(ii) Health status of the people.
(iii) Per capita income.


Q6: Why is sustainability important for development? Give two suggestions to achieve the sustainability of development. 
Ans: Sustainability is very important for development because if all development activities are carried out without paying attention to environment and other natural factors then development itself will become a danger for mankind. For example, if forests are cut relentlessly then global warming will destroy everything on the Earth. In that scenario what would be the use of development!
To achieve sustainability-
(a) we must be less dependent on non-renewable resources.
(b) we must live according to natural conditions and use natural produce as far as possible.

Q7: How does World Bank classify different countries? Is it an adequate indicator?
Ans: World Bank classifies different countries on the basis of per capita income. They are
(a) Rich countries: Whose average per capita income is Rs 4,53,000 or more.
(b) Poor Countries: Whose average per capita income is less than Rs 37,000.
This indicator is inadequate as it does not provide full picture of development. This gives poor people a notional amount of money which actually does not belong to them.

Q8: What is development? What are the two aspects of development?
Ans: Development is a positive growth/change in economy, social and political aspects of the country.
Two aspects of development are
(a) Economic development or rise in income of the people.
(b) Social development which include education, health and public services.

Q9: Why are countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ in spite of high per capita income?
Ans: Although countries of Middle East are very rich countries due to oil reserves and production, money alone is not an indicator of development.
Along with money there are other aspects too like education and other social aspects like individual freedom, democracy, gender equality which are not available in those countries.

Q10: Explain the concepts of Human Development Index (HDI) and that of the per capita income.
Ans. Both Human Development Index and Per Capita Income, measure the status of countries' development but both are quite different from each other.
(a) Human Development Index: Prepared by the U.N.D.P. It consists of health status, educational status and per capita income to determine the development of the country.
(b) Per Capita: This criterion is used by the World Bank to determine development. It divide countries into rich and poor. The countries whose per capita income is more than Rs. 4,53,000 are called rich and those whose income is below Rs. 37,000 are called poor.

Q11: What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? Write the limitations of this criterion.
Ans: The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.
Per capita income: When total income of a country is divided by the total population, then per capita income is arrived at. Those countries whose per capita income is more than Rs. 4,53,000 per year are called rich countries and those whose income is less than Rs. 37000 are called poor countries.
Limitations: Although this method is used widely it does not give accurate picture of development.
For example, in calculating income, every one is supposed to have that amount. However, in reality a large number of poor people do not have that amount.

Q12: How can more jobs be created in the field of education? Give any three reasons.
Ans: More jobs can be created in the field of education:
(a) In India only 65% people are literate. It means to provide good education to every Indian, there is a requirement for having more schools.
(b) More school means more number of teachers required. This means more jobs.
(c) More schools will necessitate thousands of supporting staff (like office staff). This will lead to more jobs. In that way more jobs will be created.

Q13: Mention any three characteristics of development.
Ans:
(a) Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(b) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be even destructive for the other.
(c) For development people look at a mix of goals.

Q14: ‘For development people look at a mix of goals.’ Support the statement with suitable examples.
Ans: It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of household work and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

Q15: Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab in spite of lower per capita income?
Ans: Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development ranking than Punjab because of many factors. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the country. The Infant Mortality Rate of Kerala (11) is much less than Punjab (49). Net Attendance Ratio of Kerala (91) is higher than that of Punjab (81). Kerala has better health and educational infrastructure than Punjab. Kerala also has better public facilities.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Mention various factors that determine the development of a country.
Ans: The development of a country can generally be determined by the following factors
(i) Per capita income: It is the average income generated by each person in a given group of people.
(ii) Literacy rate: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. The more the people are educated, the more developed the country is. It means that human beings if highly educated and skilled are the most important asset of a nation. They play an important role in the nation’s development.
(iii) Health: People’s health is also an important factor that determines the development of a country. A healthy population is a boon and every country should pay much attention to it.
(iv) Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. If the life expectancy at birth is high in a particular country, it means development of that country.
(v) Net Attendance Ratio: Net attendance ratio is also an important indicator of economic development of a nation. It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Q2: Mention any five conditions or aspects that one would consider before accepting a job.
Ans: Before accepting a job one would consider many factors. Some of them are –
(i) A handsome salary is the first and foremost requirement for almost all the job-seekers. Only good income can enable us to fulfil our long-cherished wishes. More income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like and should have, they will be able to get with greater income
(ii) Apart from income, one needs peaceful and safe working atmosphere. Without it, one cannot work well which will neither be in favour of oneself nor the company.
(iii) Job security is another important factor. A job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Such a job can be accepted by many.
(iv) One also wants medical and other facilities for oneself and one’s family. In case of illnesses, there should be a provision of paid leaves. Provident fund, gratuity are another factors that are taken into consideration before accepting a job.
(v) One also wants opportunity to learn during job period. It will be in favour of the individual as well as the employer. Thus, we can infer that for a job seeker not only material or money is important but several non-material things are equally important.

Q3: What is the meaning of Infant Mortality Rate? Give two reasons for low infant mortality rate in Kerala.

OR

What is Infant Mortality Rate? Suggest two measures to keep the infant mortality rate low.

Ans:The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1,000 children born live in a particular year is called Infant Mortality Rate. Kerala has low infant mortality rate because

It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.The Public Distribution System is functioning well in Kerala. People there get foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised rates.Note: The above measures are applicable to all the states of India to keep the IMR low.

Q4: ‘Human development is the essence of social development’. Explain.
Ans: Human development focuses on the quality life of the people. It is concerned with their well-being, their needs, choices and aspirations. These are the aspects which help in building a good society. Human development is also concerned with harnessing/building of human capabilities so that people lead a long and healthy life, get education and knowledge and find adequate opportunities of livelihood, etc. It also focuses on the expansion of basic choices. A society can be said to be ideal and well-developed when all its members are leading a quality life.

Q5: Distinguish between developed and developing countries.
Ans: The following differences can be observed between developed and developing countries: