Class 12 Sociology: CBSE Sample Question Paper- Term I (2021-22) - 2 | CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Humanities - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

General Instructions: 
1. The paper is divided into 3 sections.
2. Section A has 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
3. Section B has 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
4. Section C has 12 questions. Attempt any 10 questions.
5. All questions carry equal marks.
6. There is no negative marking.

Q.1: Who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873?
(a) Jyotirao Govindrao Phule
(b) Ayyankali
(c) E.V. Ramasami Naickar
(d) Sri Narayana Guru

Correct Answer is Option (a)
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule denounced the injustice of the caste system and scorned its rules of purity and pollution. In 1873 he founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society), which was devoted to securing human rights and social justice for low-caste people.

Q.2: Stree Purush Tulana, was written as a protest against the double standards of a male dominated society. The author of this book was
(a) Tarabai Shinde
(b) Savitri Phule
(c) Annie Beasant
(d) Anita Ghai

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.3: Which of the following statements is not true about communalism in India? 
(a) There were no communal riots in the pre Independence times.
(b) Communalism is a recurrent source of violence and tension in India. 
(c) Religious identity overrides every other identity in communalism. 
(d) Communalists believe in a political identity based on religion.

Correct Answer is Option (a)
India has a history of communal riots from pre-Independence times, often as a result of the divide-and-rule policy adopted by the colonial rulers.

Q.4: What criterion is used to define minority in the sociological sense? 
(a) Privilege
(b) Only numerical distinction
(c) Solidarity due to experience of disadvantage
(d) Individualism

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.5: “Considering from an urban point of view, the rapid growth in urbanisation shows that the town or city has been acting as a magnet for the rural population.” Choose the incorrect statement about urbanisation in India.
(a) Rural-to-urban migration has increased due to decline in common property resources. 
(b) Cities offer anonymity to the poor and the oppressed castes. 
(c) People go to cities in search of work. 
(d) Urban areas are a decisive force in terms of political power dynamics.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Option (D) is an incorrect statement (and the correct answer) because it is the rural areas that remain a decisive force in terms of political power dynamics, even when the public face of India is increasingly becoming urban.

Q.6: Language coupled with and have provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India. 
(a) Region, religion
(b) Regional, tribal identity
(c) Religion, class
(d) Class, gender

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.7: The ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society is known as: 
(a) Social inequality
(b) Social discrimination
(c) Social exclusion
(d) Social stratification

Correct Answer is Option (c)
Social exclusion refers to a broad range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from having opportunities open to the majority of the population.

Q.8: Cultural diversity can present tough challenges. Which of the following is not a reason for the same? 
(a) It can arouse intense passions.
(b) It can often mobilise large numbers of people.
(c) Cultural identities are not significant.
(d) Cultural differences are accompanied by economic and social inequalities

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.9: Which of the following do not comprise the significant section of the population that is excluded from the four-fold Varna system (also known as the panchamas or fifth category)?
(A) Outcastes 
(B) Slaves 
(C) Foreigners 
(D) Shudras

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Shudras comprise the fourth category of the Varna system.

Q.10: ______ is often grounded in stereotypes. 
(a) Inclusion
(b) Prejudice
(c) Reservation
(d) Accommodation

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.11: Which of the following is NOT true about cultural diversity?
(a) It can arouse intense passions in people. 
(b) It is sometimes accompanied by social and economic inequality.
(c) It becomes a problem when resources are scarce. 
(d) Cultural diversity is only found in India.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Cultural diversity is found in other parts of the world as well.

Q.12: Just like caste in India, race in South Africa stratifies society into a hierarchy. This system is called . 
(a) Casteism
(b) Apartheid
(c) Tribalism
(d) Untouchability

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.13: According to the Census of India data (2011), which state in India has the highest child sex ratio?
(a) Kerala 
(b) Arunachal Pradesh 
(c) Assam 
(d) Chhattisgarh

Correct Answer is Option (b)
The highest child sex ratio of 972 is found in Arunachal Pradesh. Even Kerala, the state with the better overall sex ratio does not do too well at 964.

Q.14: Two broad sets of issues have been most important in giving rise to tribal movements- control over vital economic resources and _______. 
(a) Issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity
(b) Globalisation
(c) Colonialism
(d) Secularisation

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.15: The ______________ can be divided into three forms of capital – economic capital in the form of material assets and income; cultural capital such as educational qualifications and status; and social capital in the form of networks of contacts and social associations (Bourdieu 1986).
(a) Economic resources 
(b) Social resources 
(c) Material wealth 
(d) Political resources

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Social resources refer to the valued resources – money, property, education, health, and power – that people in a society have. Some people have more social resources than the others in the society.

Q.16: Caste system imposes rules. Which of the following is incorrect in this context? 
(a) Caste groups are endogamous.
(b) Caste is hierarchical system.
(c) Occupational choices are open.
(d) There are restrictions on food sharing.

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.17: The family structure where property is passed from mother to daughter is known as:
(a) Matriarchy 
(b) Matriliny 
(c) Female-headed family 
(d) Matrilocal

Correct Answer is Option (b)
According to the rule of inheritance matrilineal societies pass on property from mother to daughter.

Q.18: Demographic data are not important for which of the following? 
(a) Planning and implementation of state policies
(b) Economic development
(c) General public welfare
(d) Preventing disintegration of joint families

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.19: What are the laws that allow citizens of a particular state to also – simultaneously – be citizens of another state called? 
(a) Cross-border citizenship laws 
(b) Multiple citizenship laws 
(c) Dual-citizenship laws 
(d) None of the above

Correct Answer is Option (c)
These laws are known as ‘dual-citizenship’ laws. For instance, Jewish Americans may be citizens of Israel as well as the USA; they can even serve in the armed forces of one country without losing their citizenship in the other country.

Q.20: The newly married couple stays with the groom’s parents. Which form of family is this? 
(a) Patrilocal
(b) Neolocal
(c) Matrilocal
(d) Avunculocal

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.21: The population policy (of 1952) took the concrete form of the ___________________. K 
(a) National Family Welfare Programme 
(b) National Family Planning Programme
(c) National Health Policy, 2017 
(d) National Population Policy, 2000

Correct Answer is Option (b)
The population policy took the concrete form of the National Family Planning Programme. In the early days, the most important objective was to slow down the rate of population growth through the promotion of various birth control methods, improve public health standards, and increase public awareness about population and health issues. The programme suffered a setback during Emergency.

Q.22: Ageing population implies
(a) Low dependency ratio
(b) High dependency ratio 
(c) Window of economic opportunity
(d) High death rate

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.23: ‘Sultana’s Dream’ is a book written by:
(a) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(b) Tarabai Shinde
(c) Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain 
(d) Bishop Joseph Butler

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.24: Which of the following does not lead to population explosion? 
(a) Low level of economic development can lead to population explosion.
(b) It happens due to high birth rate and low death rate.
(c) It takes longer for society to alter reproductive behaviour.
(d) Reduced fertility rate

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.25: Which of the following is not a feature of caste system?
(a) It is determined by birth 
(b) It is endogamous 
(c) It lacks organised religion 
(d) It has a segmental organisation

Correct Answer is Option (c)
The caste system is an integral part of Hindu society and has spread to other non-Hindu communities as well.

Q.26: State action alone cannot ensure social change for the Dalits. There are many other ways to bring about social change. Which of the following is not the correct option in this context? 
(a) Political organisation
(b) Contributions to literature
(c) People’s movements
(d) Legislations only

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.27: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): The problem of selective abortions is not due to poverty or ignorance or lack of resources. 
Reason (R): We find the sex ratio to be the lowest in the most prosperous regions.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (a)
The regional pattern of low child sex ratios seems to support this argument. It is striking that the lowest child sex ratios are found in the most prosperous regions of India. According to the Economic Survey 2018–19, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi are having high per capita income and the child sex ratio of these states is still low.

Q.28: Prolonged experience of discriminatory or insulting behaviour often produces a reaction on the part of the excluded who then stop trying for inclusion. In this context choose the incorrect statement. 
(a) Dalits may build their own temple
(b) Convert to another religion
(c) Social exclusion is voluntary
(d) They may no longer desire to be included in the Hindu temple or religious events

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.29: Which of the following constitute religion-related issue or debate in the Indian context? 
(a) Secularism 
(b) Communalism 
(c) Minorities 
(d) All of the above.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
These issues or debates around religious identity may be broadly divided into two related groups – the secularism– communalism set and the minority–majority set. Questions of secularism and communalism are about the state’s relationship to religion and to political groupings that invoke religion as their primary identity. Questions about minorities and majorities involve decisions on how the state is to treat different religious communities that are unequal in terms of numbers and/or power.

Q.30: Choose the incorrect statement about communalism. 
(a) Communalism is about politics not about religion.
(b) It cultivates an aggressive political identity.
(c) It is a recurrent source of tension and violence.
(d) A communalist is always a devout person.

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.31: Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary. 
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false but R is True

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.

Q.32: Parsis or Sikhs are examples of anomalous minority groups because of which of the following reasons? 
(a) They are religious minorities and economically well-off.
(b) They are not politically vulnerable.
(c) They do not need any special protection because of their demographic dominance.
(d) They do not face any risk from majority community.

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.33: “The pyramid for 2026 shows the estimated future size of the relevant age groups based on data on the past rates of growth of each age group. Such estimates are also called ‘___________’.”
(a) Projections 
(b) Age pyramid 
(c) Demographic dividend 
(d) Rate of natural increase

Correct Answer is Option (a)
A population projection gives a picture of what the future size and structure of the population by sex and age might look like. The age structure pyramid for the year 2026 is a kind of population projection.

Q.34: Soviet Union explicitly recognised that the peoples it governed were of different ‘nations’; the population of ‘non-resident’ Jamaicans exceeds that of ‘resident’ Jamaicans; Jewish Americans may be citizens of Israel as well as the USA; which of the following do the given examples signify? 
(a) Nations are easy to define and hard to describe.
(b) States are difficult to define.
(c) Nations are easy to describe and hard to define.
(d) States cannot be described.

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.35: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Family a site of bitter conflicts, injustice and violence. 
Reason (R): The family is a space of great warmth and care with stories of compassion, sacrifice and care.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Family is a site of conflict, injustice and violence because female infanticide, violent conflicts between brothers over property and ugly legal disputes are a part of family and kinship as social institutions.

Q.36: Which of the statements is not true for the Khasi tribes? 
(a) Khasi matriliny generates intense role conflict for men.
(b) Women possess only token authority in Khasi society.
(c) Men are more adversely affected than the women by the role conflict among Khasis.
(d) The system is weighted in favour of male matri-kin rather than male patri-kin.

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.37: Choose the correct statement about social stratification. 
(a) Social stratification is not simply a function of individual differences. 
(b) It is closely linked to the family and to the inheritance of social resources from one generation to the next. 
(c) Social stratification is not likely to persist over generations unless it is widely viewed as being either fair or inevitable. 
(d) All of the above statements are correct. 
(e) Only statement (A) and (B) are correct.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Social stratification is a characteristic of society. It persists over generations. It is also supported by patterns of belief, or ideology.

Q.38: Assertion: Sanskritisation usually accompanies or follows a rise in the economic status of the caste attempting it. 
Reason: Adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of a caste (or castes) of higher status raises the social status of the members of middle or lower castes. 
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are false.
(d) A is true and R is false.

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.39: Religious minorities like the Parsis or Sikhs may be relatively well-off economically but, they may still be disadvantaged in a __________sense. 
(a) Economic 
(b) Sociological 
(c) Historical 
(d) Cultural

Correct Answer is Option (d)
The above-mentioned communities may still be disadvantaged in a cultural sense because of their small numbers relative to the overwhelming majority of Hindus. Religious or cultural minorities need special protection because of the demographic dominance of the majority.

Q.40: Kerala is beginning to acquire an age structure like that of the developed countries. Which of the following is true in this context? 
(a) High birth rate and high death rate
(b) Low birth rate and low death rate
(c) High birth rate and low death rate
(d) Low birth rate and high death rate

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.41: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Unlike the death rate, the birth rate has not registered a sharp fall.
Reason (R): By and large, increased levels of prosperity exert a strong downward pull on the birth rate.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (b)
The birth rate has not registered a sharp fall because the birth rate is a sociocultural phenomenon that is relatively slow to change.

Q.42: When the growth rate is 0, the population is said to have reached
(a) Replacement level
(b) Negative growth
(c) Positive growth
(d) High birth rate

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.43: Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid. 
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false but R is True

Correct Answer is Option (b)
The reason for the assertion is that ritual-religious prohibitions on occupational change are not easily imposed today, and it is easier than before to change one’s occupation.

Q.44: ______ process involving our significant others, is important in developing a sense of community identity. 
(a) Socialisation
(b) Secularisation
(c) Globalisation
(d) Marketisation

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.45: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Castes are supposed to be complementary and competing groups.
Reason (R): Each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Castes are not only unequal to each other in ritual terms, they are also supposed to be complementary and noncompeting groups. Since caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as the social division of labour, except that, in principle, it allows no mobility.

Q.46: The city offers anonymity which is an important reason for rural to urban migration. Who enjoys this anonymity? 
I. poorer sections of the socially dominant rural groups 
II. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 
III. Women 
IV. Children
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and IV
(d) I and III

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.47: When minority is used without qualification, it generally implies a relatively small but also _______________ group. 
(a) advantaged 
(b) disadvantaged 
(c) privileged 
(d) diverse

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Sociologically speaking, a minority is a social group that besides being small in size suffers a relative social, political and economic disadvantage as well.

Q.48: Scholars have shown that the inequalities between men and women are rather than . 
(a) Natural, Social
(b) Social, Natural
(c) Desirable, undesirable
(d) Economic, racial

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: 
Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q.49: What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?
(a) Social backwardness
(b) Economic backwardness
(c) Neither (A) nor (B)
(d) Both (A) and (B)

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Other Backward Classes need not be based on caste alone, but generally are identified by caste, described as the ‘socially and educationally backward classes.’

Q.50: Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________. 
(a) Negatively, they are not 
(b) Positively, they are 
(c) Empirically, is observed 
(d) None of the above

Correct Answer is Option (a)
OBCs are neither part of the ‘forward’ castes at the upper end of the status spectrum, nor of the Dalits at the lower end.

Q.51: What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs are a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?
(a) There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes. 
(b) The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. 
(c) Only (A) is true. 
(d) Both (A) and (B) are true.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Both (A) and (B) statements are true and contribute to the diversity in the OBC category.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: 
Most demographic concepts are expressed as rates or ratios – they involve two numbers. One of these numbers is the particular statistic that has been calculated for a specific geographical-administrative unit; the other number provides a standard for comparison. For example, the birth rate is the total number of live births in a particular area (an entire country, a state, a district or other territorial unit) during a specified period (usually a year) divided by the total population of that area in thousands. In other words, the birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 population.
Q.52: The ______________is a similar statistic, expressed as the number of deaths in a given area during a given time per 1000 population.
(a) maternal mortality rate
(b) life expectancy
(c) death rate
(d) death ratio

Correct Answer is Option (c)
Death rate is calculated just like birth-rate – in a given area, during a given time, per 1000 population. It is a rate statistic.

Q.53: When the difference between birth rate and death rate is zero (or, in practice, very small) we say that the population has ‘stabilised’, or has reached the ‘________________.’
(a) stabilisation level
(b) replacement level
(c) highest point
(d) highest level

Correct Answer is Option (b)
The ‘replacement level’ is the rate of growth required for new generations to replace the older ones that are dying out.

Q.54: The ________________refers to the total number of live births that a hypothetical woman would have if she lived through the reproductive age group and had the average number of babies in each segment of this age group as determined by the age-specific fertility rates for that area.
(a) Fertility rate 
(b) Maternal fertility rate 
(c) Maternal mortality rate 
(d) Total fertility rate

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Maternal fertility rate is not a real statistic. Maternal mortality rate refers to the number of who die in childbirth per 1000 live births. Fertility rate, unlike total fertility rate, is a crude statistic, that is a rough average for an entire population and does not take account of the differences across age-groups. It is the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nationbuilding strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.
Q.55: However, there are many successful examples – including India – which show that it is perfectly possible to have a strong nation-state without having to ___________ different types of community identities into one standard type.
(a) Homogenise 
(b) Eliminate 
(c) Heterogenise 
(d) Divide

Correct Answer is Option (a)
To homogenise is to make uniform or similar.

Q.56: There is no historically fixed or logically necessary relationship between a ___________and the varied forms of __________ that it could be based on. 
(a) State-nation, society 
(b) Nation-state, community 
(c) Nation, ideology 
(d) Community, nation-state

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Today it is hard to define a nation in any way other than to say that it is a community that has succeeded in acquiring a state of its own. Interestingly, the opposite has also become increasingly true. Just as wouldbe or aspiring nationalities are now more and more likely to work towards forming a state, existing states are also finding it more and more necessary to claim that they represent a nation. The relationship between the nation-state and community is relatively a new one.

Q.57: Policies that promote __________are aimed at persuading, encouraging or forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms. 
(a) Assimilation 
(b) Isolation 
(c) Acculturation 
(d) Integration

Correct Answer is Option (a)
Policies that promote values and norms that are usually entirely or largely those of the dominant social group. Other, nondominant or subordinated groups in society are expected or required to give up their own cultural values and adopt the prescribed ones.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”
Q.58: Choose the incorrect statement about position of caste and caste-based issues in the nationalist movement.
(a) Anti-untouchability programmes became a significant part of the Congress agenda.
(b) There was an initiative taken to organise “depressed classes” from both ends of the caste spectrum.
(c) The dominant view was to treat caste as a social evil and as a colonial ploy to divide Indians.
(d) Efforts to organise the “depressed classes” and particularly the untouchable castes began during the nationalist movement.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Efforts to organise the “depressed classes” and particularly the untouchable castes predated the nationalist movement, having begun in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Q.59: The post-Independence Indian state inherited and reflected the contradictions of the nationalist movement. 
Choose the incorrect statement about the post Independence Indian state?
(a) The state was committed to the abolition of caste and explicitly wrote this into the Constitution. 
(b) The state was both unable and unwilling to push through radical reforms which would have undermined the economic basis for caste inequality. 
(c) It assumed that if it operated in a caste-blind manner, this would automatically lead to the undermining of caste-based privileges. 
(d) The state made sufficient efforts to deal with the fact that the upper castes and the lower castes were far from equal in economic and educational terms.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
The other three statements prove that the efforts made by the Indian state were not sufficient and their actions were also contradictory towards the abolition of caste.

Q.60: Which of the following is an example of the economic changes affecting caste?
(a) Recruitment to industrial jobs continued to be organised along caste and kinship-based lines. 
(b) Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s. 
(c) Particular departments or shop floors were often dominated by specific castes. 
(d) Modern industry created all kinds of new jobs for which there were no caste rules.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
The first and the third options are examples of the resilience of the caste system. Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s is an example of political changes. Growth of private modern industry opened new job opportunities that where caste rules did not apply. At a different level, modern educated Indians attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy, began to abandon the more extreme caste practices.