Class 12 Sociology Question Paper Solved (2022) | Sociology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


 
 
                     
Roll Number                 SET NO. 2 
General Instructions: 
(i) There are 25 questions in all. 
(ii) All questions are compulsory. 
(iii) Question Nos. 1 – 14 are short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 30 words. 
(iv) Question Nos. 15 – 21 are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 80 words. 
(v) Question Nos. 22 – 25 are very long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 200 words. Question No. 25 is to be answered with the help of the passage given. 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing an aging 
population? 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 2 
5.  Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 2 
7. What are the causes of famines? 2 
8.   Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 2 
10. Who are Tribes? 2 
11. What is a ‘Virtual Market’? 2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 2 
13. What is dominant Caste? Give examples. 2 
14.  What according to Adam Smith is the ‘Invisible Hand’? 2 
 
 
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION  
 
 
SOCIOLOGY  
 
CLASS: XII  Time Allotted: 3 Hrs 
 Max. Marks: 80 
Page 2


 
 
                     
Roll Number                 SET NO. 2 
General Instructions: 
(i) There are 25 questions in all. 
(ii) All questions are compulsory. 
(iii) Question Nos. 1 – 14 are short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 30 words. 
(iv) Question Nos. 15 – 21 are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 80 words. 
(v) Question Nos. 22 – 25 are very long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 200 words. Question No. 25 is to be answered with the help of the passage given. 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing an aging 
population? 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 2 
5.  Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 2 
7. What are the causes of famines? 2 
8.   Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 2 
10. Who are Tribes? 2 
11. What is a ‘Virtual Market’? 2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 2 
13. What is dominant Caste? Give examples. 2 
14.  What according to Adam Smith is the ‘Invisible Hand’? 2 
 
 
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION  
 
 
SOCIOLOGY  
 
CLASS: XII  Time Allotted: 3 Hrs 
 Max. Marks: 80 
 
 
15. What are some of the processes included under the label of Globalization? 4 
16. Briefly discuss National Development versus Tribal Development. 4 
17. What are the importances of high literacy rate? 4 
18. Write a note on the Theory of Demographic Transition with reference to ‘Population Explosion’. 4 
19. How does the Sociological perspective of Market differ from Economic one? 4 
20. What changes were brought by the British Colonists in the Caste System? Enumerate with suitable 
examples. 
4 
21. What is meant by ‘Sex Ratio’? In your opinion what is the reason for declining sex ratio in India? 4 
22. Read the given passage and answer the following questions : 
 
Data from the National Sample Survey studies of 1999-2000 and from the 2001 Census of India 
reveal a sharp fall in the rate of employment generation (creation of new jobs) across both rural 
and urban areas. This is true for the young as well. The rate of growth of employment in the 15-30 
age group, which stood at around 2.4 per cent a year between 1987 and 1994 for both rural and 
urban men, fell to 0.7 for rural men and 0.3 per cent for urban men during 1994 to 2004. This 
suggests that the advantage offered by a young labour force is not being exploited.  
 
Strategies exist to exploit the demographic window of opportunity that India has today. But 
India’s recent experience suggests that market forces by themselves do not ensure that such 
strategies would be implemented. Unless a way forward is found, we may miss out on the 
potential benefits that the country’s changing age structure temporarily offers. 
  
(a) What is demographic dividend?                  
                                                                
(b) Do you think that India is indeed facing a window of opportunity created by demographic 
dividend? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
4 
23. Discuss the Tribal Identity today. 6 
24. What is meant by liberalization? In your opinion, will long term benefits of liberalization exceed 
the costs? Give reasons for your answer. 
6 
25. In what ways Indian economy change after the coming of the British? 6 
 End of the Question Paper  
 
Page 3


 
 
                     
Roll Number                 SET NO. 2 
General Instructions: 
(i) There are 25 questions in all. 
(ii) All questions are compulsory. 
(iii) Question Nos. 1 – 14 are short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 30 words. 
(iv) Question Nos. 15 – 21 are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 80 words. 
(v) Question Nos. 22 – 25 are very long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 200 words. Question No. 25 is to be answered with the help of the passage given. 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing an aging 
population? 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 2 
5.  Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 2 
7. What are the causes of famines? 2 
8.   Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 2 
10. Who are Tribes? 2 
11. What is a ‘Virtual Market’? 2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 2 
13. What is dominant Caste? Give examples. 2 
14.  What according to Adam Smith is the ‘Invisible Hand’? 2 
 
 
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION  
 
 
SOCIOLOGY  
 
CLASS: XII  Time Allotted: 3 Hrs 
 Max. Marks: 80 
 
 
15. What are some of the processes included under the label of Globalization? 4 
16. Briefly discuss National Development versus Tribal Development. 4 
17. What are the importances of high literacy rate? 4 
18. Write a note on the Theory of Demographic Transition with reference to ‘Population Explosion’. 4 
19. How does the Sociological perspective of Market differ from Economic one? 4 
20. What changes were brought by the British Colonists in the Caste System? Enumerate with suitable 
examples. 
4 
21. What is meant by ‘Sex Ratio’? In your opinion what is the reason for declining sex ratio in India? 4 
22. Read the given passage and answer the following questions : 
 
Data from the National Sample Survey studies of 1999-2000 and from the 2001 Census of India 
reveal a sharp fall in the rate of employment generation (creation of new jobs) across both rural 
and urban areas. This is true for the young as well. The rate of growth of employment in the 15-30 
age group, which stood at around 2.4 per cent a year between 1987 and 1994 for both rural and 
urban men, fell to 0.7 for rural men and 0.3 per cent for urban men during 1994 to 2004. This 
suggests that the advantage offered by a young labour force is not being exploited.  
 
Strategies exist to exploit the demographic window of opportunity that India has today. But 
India’s recent experience suggests that market forces by themselves do not ensure that such 
strategies would be implemented. Unless a way forward is found, we may miss out on the 
potential benefits that the country’s changing age structure temporarily offers. 
  
(a) What is demographic dividend?                  
                                                                
(b) Do you think that India is indeed facing a window of opportunity created by demographic 
dividend? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
4 
23. Discuss the Tribal Identity today. 6 
24. What is meant by liberalization? In your opinion, will long term benefits of liberalization exceed 
the costs? Give reasons for your answer. 
6 
25. In what ways Indian economy change after the coming of the British? 6 
 End of the Question Paper  
 
CLASS XII 
Marking Scheme – SOCIOLOGY [THEORY] 
Q.NO. Answers Marks 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are 
facing an aging population? 
 
A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are 
facing an aging population, since it becomes difficult for a relatively 
smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of 
providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents. On the other 
hand, a falling dependency ratio can be a source of economic growth 
and prosperity due to the larger proportion of workers relative to non-
workers. 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 
Narayana Guru, born in Kerala, preached brother-hood for all and 
fought against the ill effects of the caste system. He led a quiet but 
significant social lrevolution and gave the watchwords ‘One Caste, One 
Religion, One God for all men’. 
 
2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 
The use of markets or market-based processes(rather than government 
regulations or policies) to solve social, political, or economic problems. 
These include relaxation or removal of economic 
controls(deregulation), privatisation of industries, and removing 
government controls over wages and prices. 
2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 
When the growth rate difference is zero (or, in practice, very small) 
then we say that the population has ‘stabilised’, or has reached the 
‘replacement level’, which is the rate of growth required for new 
generations to replace the older ones that are dying out. 
2 
5. Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the caste.  
Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside a community 
2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 
Max Weber, was among the first to point out that the goods that 
people buy and use are closely related to their status in society. He 
coined the term status symbol to describe this relationship. For 
example, among the middle class in India today, the brand of cell 
phone or the model of car that one owns are important markers of 
socio-economic status. 
2 
7.  
Famines were caused by high levels of continuing poverty and 
malnutrition in an agro climatic environment that was very vulnerable 
2 
Page 4


 
 
                     
Roll Number                 SET NO. 2 
General Instructions: 
(i) There are 25 questions in all. 
(ii) All questions are compulsory. 
(iii) Question Nos. 1 – 14 are short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 30 words. 
(iv) Question Nos. 15 – 21 are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 80 words. 
(v) Question Nos. 22 – 25 are very long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 200 words. Question No. 25 is to be answered with the help of the passage given. 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing an aging 
population? 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 2 
5.  Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 2 
7. What are the causes of famines? 2 
8.   Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 2 
10. Who are Tribes? 2 
11. What is a ‘Virtual Market’? 2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 2 
13. What is dominant Caste? Give examples. 2 
14.  What according to Adam Smith is the ‘Invisible Hand’? 2 
 
 
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION  
 
 
SOCIOLOGY  
 
CLASS: XII  Time Allotted: 3 Hrs 
 Max. Marks: 80 
 
 
15. What are some of the processes included under the label of Globalization? 4 
16. Briefly discuss National Development versus Tribal Development. 4 
17. What are the importances of high literacy rate? 4 
18. Write a note on the Theory of Demographic Transition with reference to ‘Population Explosion’. 4 
19. How does the Sociological perspective of Market differ from Economic one? 4 
20. What changes were brought by the British Colonists in the Caste System? Enumerate with suitable 
examples. 
4 
21. What is meant by ‘Sex Ratio’? In your opinion what is the reason for declining sex ratio in India? 4 
22. Read the given passage and answer the following questions : 
 
Data from the National Sample Survey studies of 1999-2000 and from the 2001 Census of India 
reveal a sharp fall in the rate of employment generation (creation of new jobs) across both rural 
and urban areas. This is true for the young as well. The rate of growth of employment in the 15-30 
age group, which stood at around 2.4 per cent a year between 1987 and 1994 for both rural and 
urban men, fell to 0.7 for rural men and 0.3 per cent for urban men during 1994 to 2004. This 
suggests that the advantage offered by a young labour force is not being exploited.  
 
Strategies exist to exploit the demographic window of opportunity that India has today. But 
India’s recent experience suggests that market forces by themselves do not ensure that such 
strategies would be implemented. Unless a way forward is found, we may miss out on the 
potential benefits that the country’s changing age structure temporarily offers. 
  
(a) What is demographic dividend?                  
                                                                
(b) Do you think that India is indeed facing a window of opportunity created by demographic 
dividend? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
4 
23. Discuss the Tribal Identity today. 6 
24. What is meant by liberalization? In your opinion, will long term benefits of liberalization exceed 
the costs? Give reasons for your answer. 
6 
25. In what ways Indian economy change after the coming of the British? 6 
 End of the Question Paper  
 
CLASS XII 
Marking Scheme – SOCIOLOGY [THEORY] 
Q.NO. Answers Marks 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are 
facing an aging population? 
 
A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are 
facing an aging population, since it becomes difficult for a relatively 
smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of 
providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents. On the other 
hand, a falling dependency ratio can be a source of economic growth 
and prosperity due to the larger proportion of workers relative to non-
workers. 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 
Narayana Guru, born in Kerala, preached brother-hood for all and 
fought against the ill effects of the caste system. He led a quiet but 
significant social lrevolution and gave the watchwords ‘One Caste, One 
Religion, One God for all men’. 
 
2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 
The use of markets or market-based processes(rather than government 
regulations or policies) to solve social, political, or economic problems. 
These include relaxation or removal of economic 
controls(deregulation), privatisation of industries, and removing 
government controls over wages and prices. 
2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 
When the growth rate difference is zero (or, in practice, very small) 
then we say that the population has ‘stabilised’, or has reached the 
‘replacement level’, which is the rate of growth required for new 
generations to replace the older ones that are dying out. 
2 
5. Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the caste.  
Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside a community 
2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 
Max Weber, was among the first to point out that the goods that 
people buy and use are closely related to their status in society. He 
coined the term status symbol to describe this relationship. For 
example, among the middle class in India today, the brand of cell 
phone or the model of car that one owns are important markers of 
socio-economic status. 
2 
7.  
Famines were caused by high levels of continuing poverty and 
malnutrition in an agro climatic environment that was very vulnerable 
2 
to variations in rainfall. Lack of adequate means of transportation and 
communication as well as inadequate efforts on the part of the state 
were some of the factors responsible for famines. However, as scholars 
like Amartya Sen and others have shown, famines were not necessarily 
due to fall in food grains production; they were also caused by a ‘failure 
of entitlements’, or the inability of people to buy or otherwise obtain 
food. 
8. Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  
 
A nuclear family consists of only one set of parents and their children. 
An extended family (commonly known as the ‘joint family’) can take 
different forms, but has more than one couple, and often more than 
two generations, living together. This could be a set of brothers with 
their individual families, or an elderly couple with their sons and 
grandsons and their respective families. 
2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 
The weekly haat is a common sight in rural and even urban India. In 
hilly and forested areas (especially those in habited by adivasis), where 
settlements are far-flung, roads and communications poor, and the 
economy relatively undeveloped, the weekly market is the major 
institution for the exchange of goods as well as for social intercourse. 
Local people come to the market to sell their agricultural or forest 
produce to traders, who carry it to the towns for resale, and they buy 
essentials such as salt and agricultural implements, and consumption 
items such as bangles and jewellery. 
2 
10. The oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes were 
communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; 
did not have a state or political form of the formal kind; did not 
have sharp class divisions; and they did not have caste 
distinctions. 
2 
11. A market that exists electronically and conducts transactions via 
computers telecommunication media. It is also known as paperless 
market. 
 
2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 
Formal demography which is a largely quantitative field, and social 
demography which focuses on the social, economic or political aspects 
of populations. All demographic studies are based on processes of 
counting or enumeration – such as the census or the survey – which 
involve the systematic collection of data on the people residing within 
a specified territory. 
2 
13. Dominant caste was those which had a large population and were 
granted land rights. They were politically, socially and economically 
dominant in their regions for example : the Yadavs of Bihar and Uttar 
Pradesh, and  Vokkaligas of Karnataka, the Reddys and Khammas of 
Andhra Pradesh,the Marahas of Maharashtra, of Jats of Punjab, 
Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh and the Patidars of Gujarat. 
2 
14. There seems to be some sort of an unseen force at work that converts 
what is good for each individual into what is good for society. This 
unseen force was called ‘the invisible hand’ by Adam Smith. Smith used 
the idea of the ‘invisible hand’ to argue that society overall benefits 
when individuals pursue their own self-interest in the market 
2 
Page 5


 
 
                     
Roll Number                 SET NO. 2 
General Instructions: 
(i) There are 25 questions in all. 
(ii) All questions are compulsory. 
(iii) Question Nos. 1 – 14 are short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 30 words. 
(iv) Question Nos. 15 – 21 are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 80 words. 
(v) Question Nos. 22 – 25 are very long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question 
should not exceed 200 words. Question No. 25 is to be answered with the help of the passage given. 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing an aging 
population? 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 2 
5.  Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 2 
7. What are the causes of famines? 2 
8.   Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 2 
10. Who are Tribes? 2 
11. What is a ‘Virtual Market’? 2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 2 
13. What is dominant Caste? Give examples. 2 
14.  What according to Adam Smith is the ‘Invisible Hand’? 2 
 
 
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION  
 
 
SOCIOLOGY  
 
CLASS: XII  Time Allotted: 3 Hrs 
 Max. Marks: 80 
 
 
15. What are some of the processes included under the label of Globalization? 4 
16. Briefly discuss National Development versus Tribal Development. 4 
17. What are the importances of high literacy rate? 4 
18. Write a note on the Theory of Demographic Transition with reference to ‘Population Explosion’. 4 
19. How does the Sociological perspective of Market differ from Economic one? 4 
20. What changes were brought by the British Colonists in the Caste System? Enumerate with suitable 
examples. 
4 
21. What is meant by ‘Sex Ratio’? In your opinion what is the reason for declining sex ratio in India? 4 
22. Read the given passage and answer the following questions : 
 
Data from the National Sample Survey studies of 1999-2000 and from the 2001 Census of India 
reveal a sharp fall in the rate of employment generation (creation of new jobs) across both rural 
and urban areas. This is true for the young as well. The rate of growth of employment in the 15-30 
age group, which stood at around 2.4 per cent a year between 1987 and 1994 for both rural and 
urban men, fell to 0.7 for rural men and 0.3 per cent for urban men during 1994 to 2004. This 
suggests that the advantage offered by a young labour force is not being exploited.  
 
Strategies exist to exploit the demographic window of opportunity that India has today. But 
India’s recent experience suggests that market forces by themselves do not ensure that such 
strategies would be implemented. Unless a way forward is found, we may miss out on the 
potential benefits that the country’s changing age structure temporarily offers. 
  
(a) What is demographic dividend?                  
                                                                
(b) Do you think that India is indeed facing a window of opportunity created by demographic 
dividend? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
4 
23. Discuss the Tribal Identity today. 6 
24. What is meant by liberalization? In your opinion, will long term benefits of liberalization exceed 
the costs? Give reasons for your answer. 
6 
25. In what ways Indian economy change after the coming of the British? 6 
 End of the Question Paper  
 
CLASS XII 
Marking Scheme – SOCIOLOGY [THEORY] 
Q.NO. Answers Marks 
 
1. Why is raising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are 
facing an aging population? 
 
A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are 
facing an aging population, since it becomes difficult for a relatively 
smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of 
providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents. On the other 
hand, a falling dependency ratio can be a source of economic growth 
and prosperity due to the larger proportion of workers relative to non-
workers. 
2 
2. Write a note on Sri Narayana Guru. 
Narayana Guru, born in Kerala, preached brother-hood for all and 
fought against the ill effects of the caste system. He led a quiet but 
significant social lrevolution and gave the watchwords ‘One Caste, One 
Religion, One God for all men’. 
 
2 
3. Define the term ‘Marketisation’. 
The use of markets or market-based processes(rather than government 
regulations or policies) to solve social, political, or economic problems. 
These include relaxation or removal of economic 
controls(deregulation), privatisation of industries, and removing 
government controls over wages and prices. 
2 
4. What do you understand by ‘Replacement Level’ of the population? 
When the growth rate difference is zero (or, in practice, very small) 
then we say that the population has ‘stabilised’, or has reached the 
‘replacement level’, which is the rate of growth required for new 
generations to replace the older ones that are dying out. 
2 
5. Distinguish between Endogamy and Exogamy. 
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the caste.  
Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside a community 
2 
6. What is meant by ‘Status Symbol’? 
Max Weber, was among the first to point out that the goods that 
people buy and use are closely related to their status in society. He 
coined the term status symbol to describe this relationship. For 
example, among the middle class in India today, the brand of cell 
phone or the model of car that one owns are important markers of 
socio-economic status. 
2 
7.  
Famines were caused by high levels of continuing poverty and 
malnutrition in an agro climatic environment that was very vulnerable 
2 
to variations in rainfall. Lack of adequate means of transportation and 
communication as well as inadequate efforts on the part of the state 
were some of the factors responsible for famines. However, as scholars 
like Amartya Sen and others have shown, famines were not necessarily 
due to fall in food grains production; they were also caused by a ‘failure 
of entitlements’, or the inability of people to buy or otherwise obtain 
food. 
8. Distinguish between nuclear family and joint family.  
 
A nuclear family consists of only one set of parents and their children. 
An extended family (commonly known as the ‘joint family’) can take 
different forms, but has more than one couple, and often more than 
two generations, living together. This could be a set of brothers with 
their individual families, or an elderly couple with their sons and 
grandsons and their respective families. 
2 
9. What is a ‘Tribal Haat’? 
The weekly haat is a common sight in rural and even urban India. In 
hilly and forested areas (especially those in habited by adivasis), where 
settlements are far-flung, roads and communications poor, and the 
economy relatively undeveloped, the weekly market is the major 
institution for the exchange of goods as well as for social intercourse. 
Local people come to the market to sell their agricultural or forest 
produce to traders, who carry it to the towns for resale, and they buy 
essentials such as salt and agricultural implements, and consumption 
items such as bangles and jewellery. 
2 
10. The oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes were 
communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; 
did not have a state or political form of the formal kind; did not 
have sharp class divisions; and they did not have caste 
distinctions. 
2 
11. A market that exists electronically and conducts transactions via 
computers telecommunication media. It is also known as paperless 
market. 
 
2 
12. Differentiate between formal demography and social demography. 
Formal demography which is a largely quantitative field, and social 
demography which focuses on the social, economic or political aspects 
of populations. All demographic studies are based on processes of 
counting or enumeration – such as the census or the survey – which 
involve the systematic collection of data on the people residing within 
a specified territory. 
2 
13. Dominant caste was those which had a large population and were 
granted land rights. They were politically, socially and economically 
dominant in their regions for example : the Yadavs of Bihar and Uttar 
Pradesh, and  Vokkaligas of Karnataka, the Reddys and Khammas of 
Andhra Pradesh,the Marahas of Maharashtra, of Jats of Punjab, 
Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh and the Patidars of Gujarat. 
2 
14. There seems to be some sort of an unseen force at work that converts 
what is good for each individual into what is good for society. This 
unseen force was called ‘the invisible hand’ by Adam Smith. Smith used 
the idea of the ‘invisible hand’ to argue that society overall benefits 
when individuals pursue their own self-interest in the market 
2 
15 In the era of globalisation, a period in which the world is becoming 
increasingly interconnected — not only economically but also culturally 
and politically. The term globalisation includes a number of trends, 
especially the increase in international movement of commodities, 
money, information, and people, as well as the development of 
technology (such as in computers, telecommunications, and transport) 
and other infrastructure to allow this movement. 
4 
16 National development, particularly in the Nehruvian era, involved the 
building of large dams, factories and mines. Because the tribal areas 
were located in mineral rich and forest covered parts of the country, 
tribals have paid a disproportionate price for the development of the 
rest of Indian society. This kind of development has benefited the 
mainstreamat the expense of the tribes. The process of dispossessing 
tribals of their land has occurred as a necessary byproduct of the 
exploitation of minerals and the utilisation of favourable sites for 
setting up hydroelectric power plants, many of which were in tribal 
areas. 
The most recent such example is the series of dams being built on the 
Narmada, where most of the costs and benefits seem to flow 
disproportionately to different communities and regions. Many tribal 
concentration regions and states have also been experiencing the 
problem of heavy in-migration of non-tribals in response to the 
pressures of development. This threatens to disrupt and overwhelm 
tribal communities and cultures, besides accelerating the process of 
exploitation of tribals. 
4 
17 Literacy is an instrument of empowerment. 
The more literate the population the greater the consciousness 
of career options, as well as participation in the knowledge 
economy. 
Literacy can lead to health awareness and fuller participation in 
the cultural and economic wellbeing of the community. 
Literacy rates also vary by social group - historically 
disadvantaged communities like the Scheduled Castes and 
Scheduled Tribes have lower rates of literacy, and rates of 
female literacy within these groups are even lower. 
4 
18 Write a note on the Theory of Demographic Transition with reference 
to ‘Population Explosion’. 
This theory highlights three stages of population growth from 
an  underdeveloped technologically backward stage to a 
developed  technologically advanced stage. 
4