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Class 8 History Chapter 1 Notes - How, When and Where

How Important are Dates? 

  • History is about the changes that occur over time. It is about the finding out of how things were in the past and how things have changed in the present. As soon as we compare the past with the present we refer to time, we talk of ‘before’ and ‘after’.
  • If someone asks you when people began to drink tea or coffee, you would fail to answer this question. It is because people did not begin drinking tea on a one fine day, they developed the taste for it over time. Thus, you can only refer to a span of time, an approximate period over which particular changes became visible.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 Notes - How, When and Where


  • Still we have enough reason why we associate history with a string of dates. There was a time when history was an account of battles and big events. It was about rulers and their policies. Historians wrote about the year when a king was crowned, the year he married, the year he fought a particular battle, etc. For such events, specific dates were fixed.

Which Dates? 


  • How do we determine that a particular set of dates is important? The dates we select, the dates around which we compare our story of the past, are not important on their own. They became important because we focus on a particular set of events as important.
  • The histories written by British historians in India, the rule of each Governor-General was important. These histories began with the rule of the first Governor-General Warren Hastings and ended with the last Viceroy Lord Mountbatten.

How do we Periodise?

  • James Mill was a Scottish economist and political philosopher. In 1817, he wrote a three-volume book, A History of British India. In this he divided Indian history into three periods–Hindu, Muslim and British.
  • We divide history into different periods in order to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear to us. So the terms through we periodise, i.e. demarcate the differences between periods, become important.
  • Mill was of the opinion that all Asian societies were of the lower level of civilisations than Europe. According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country. Religious intolerance and caste taboos dominated the social life of Indian people. British rule, as Mill thought, could civilise India.

James MillJames Mill

  • The British were absolutely prejudiced in classifying the Indian history. So the British classification of the Indian history cannot be justified. It is because a variety of faults existed simultaneously along with Hindus and Muslims in these periods.
  • Apart from the British classification, historians have divided Indian history into ancient, medieval and modern. This division too has problems. It is a periodisation that is borrowed from the West where the modern period was associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity such as science, reason, democracy, etc.

What is Colonial? 

  • Medieval was the term used to describe a society where these features of modern society did not exist. But the features of modern period were not visible in India during the British rule. Many historians, therefore, refer to this period as colonial.
  • The British established their control over India and made it a colony.
  • Colonisation is a term that refers to a process in which one country subjugates another and thus brings political, economic, social and cultural changes.

How do We Know?


Administration Produces Records

 

  • Historians use different sources in writing about the last 250 years of Indian history. One important source is the official records of the British administration. The British believed that the act of writing was important. Easy instruction, plan, policy, etc. had to be clearly written up. The British also felt that all important documents and letters needed to be carefully preserved. So, they set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions. Specialised institutions like archives and museums were also set up to preserve important records.

Surveys become Important 

  • The practice of surveying also became common under the colonial administration.
  • By the early 19th century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country.
  • In villages, revenue surveys were conducted.
  • From the end of the 19th century, Census operations were held at the interval of every ten years. It prepared all the detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation.

What do Official Records not Tell?

  • All these are official records. These records do not always help us understand what other people in the country felt and what lay behind their actions.
  • To know about these things we have diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, etc.
  • All these sources were produced by those who were literate. From these we will not be able to understand how history was experienced and lived by the tribals, and the peasants, the workers in the mines or the poor on the streets.

Words that Matter: 

  • Historian: One who writes about the events of the past, i.e. how things were and how they changed.
  • Debate: Discussion on an important topic of public interest.
  • Periodisation: Ponding any event into periods.
  • Ancient: Very old.
  • Medieval: It refers to the period in which features of modern society did not exist.
  • Colonization: Colonization is a process in which one country subjugates another and thus brings political, economic, social and cultural changes.
  • Subjugation: Gaining control over a country. 
  • Calligrapher: One who is specialised in the art of beautiful writing.
  • Survey: The act of examining and recording the measurements, features etc. of an area of land to prepare a map or plan for it.
  • Archives: A place where historical documents or records of a government, an organisation, etc. are stored.
  • 1773 — Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of India.
  • 1782 — First map produced by James Rennel.
  • 1817 — James Mill published a massive three-volume work, A History of British India.
  • 1920s — The National Archives of India came up.
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FAQs on Class 8 History Chapter 1 Notes - How, When and Where

1. How important are dates in history?
Ans. Dates are crucial in history as they help us establish a chronological order of events. They allow us to understand when significant events occurred, their sequence, and their impact on society. Dates also enable historians to analyze patterns, identify causes and effects, and make connections between different historical events.
2. How do we know the dates of historical events?
Ans. Historians determine the dates of historical events through various methods. They rely on primary and secondary sources such as written records, archaeological findings, artifacts, and inscriptions. These sources provide clues about the time period in which an event took place. Additionally, historians use techniques like carbon dating, dendrochronology, and historical records to establish the accurate dates of events.
3. What is the significance of knowing the exact dates of historical events?
Ans. Knowing the exact dates of historical events is significant as it helps in creating a precise timeline of events. This timeline allows historians to analyze the causes and consequences of events, understand societal changes, and identify patterns and trends over time. It also provides a foundation for comparing and contrasting different historical periods and studying the evolution of civilizations.
4. How do dates contribute to our understanding of history?
Ans. Dates contribute to our understanding of history by providing a chronological framework. They help us organize historical events in a logical sequence, making it easier to comprehend the development of societies, cultures, and civilizations. Dates also allow us to make connections between events, identify historical trends, and analyze the impact of specific events on subsequent ones.
5. How can the absence of accurate dates affect the study of history?
Ans. The absence of accurate dates can significantly impact the study of history. Without precise dates, historians may struggle to establish a clear timeline, making it challenging to understand the sequence of events and their interrelationships. It can also lead to confusion and misinterpretation of historical narratives. Accurate dates are essential for a comprehensive and accurate understanding of history.
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