Conjunctions class 8 | English Grammar Class 8 PDF Download

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect or join other words, phrases, or sentences together. 
For Example:

• A boy and a girl. 
• The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.

Types of Conjunction

There are five types of conjunctions:

• Coordinating conjunctions, 
• Correlative conjunctions, 
• Subordinating conjunctions, 
• Compound conjunctions and 
• Linking adverbs and Transition words. 

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: The coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases and clauses of equal ranks.
The coordinating conjunctions include: (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so). 

• And: It is used to combine two words, sentences or ideas.
  Example:
  • I like to drink tea and coffee.
  • He eats cake, chocolate, pastry and chips.
• But: It is used to connect to contrast ideas.
  Example:
  • Andy likes red, but Sophie likes blue.
  • I am dancing, but she is singing.
• Or: It is used to express a choice between two things.
  Example:
  • You can eat it with a fork or a spoon.
  • You are making the diagram horizontally or vertically.
• Nor: It is used to combine two words or ideas both of which are to be negated.
  Example:
  • Ram is drinking neither hot chocolate nor coffee.
  • Kiran has not come nor has Shyam.
• For: It is used as a conjunction of purpose or reason.
  Example:
  • I cannot attend the meeting for I am unwell.
  • I am not willing to spend so much money on it for it is very expensive.
• Yet: It is used to express that something has not happened but you expect it to happen.
  Example:
  • I am not very comfortable doing it yet I will try doing it.
  • Rocky terrorises the poodles next door yet adores the German Shepherd across the street.
• So: It is used as a conjunction of result or consequence.
  Example:
  • Everyone was busy in work, so I brought all the items myself.
  • All the rooms of the hotel were occupied, so I had to shift here.

2. Correlative Conjunctions: Those conjunctions that are used in pairs to connect two words, phrases or sentences are known as correlative conjunctions.

• Either….. or: It is used to show choice between two things.
  Example:
  • Either Max or James has taken the pen.
  • I will drink either cold coffee or ice tea.
• Neither… nor: It is used to refuse both of the choices.
  Example:
  • I will go to neither Jaipur nor Jaisalmer.
  • Neither they are writing nor are they allowing me to write.
• Both…. and: It is used to combine two ideas.
  Example:
  • My brother is both smart and intelligent.
  • I will eat both North Indian food and Chinese food.
• Whether…… or: It is used to express doubt or choice between two things.
  Example:
  • Tell me whether you will do it or not.
  • Do you know whether it will be raining today or not?
• Not only…… But also: It is used to express the inclusion of more than one thing.
  Example:
  • She is not only a dancer but also singer.
  • We are not only composing the music for a film but also directing a film.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions: A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning.
Here is the list of the subordinating conjunction:

• After: It is used to express the sequence of happening of two things.
  Example:
  • I will drink the milk after my brother drinks it.
  • You could go and play after you have done the dishes.
• If: ‘If’ is used to express a condition in the clause.
  Example:
  • If you work hard you will pass.
  • She may look beautiful if she uses this cream.
• Though, Although and Even though: It is used to show a contrast between the two clauses.
  Example:
  • Though he is poor, he is honest.
  • Though she was intelligent, she failed.
  • I am happy although I want to be more.
  • Although they are good at it, they did mistakes.
  • I was late to my work even though I helped the old lady.
• If only: It is used to show a specific condition stated in the clause.
  Example:
  • If only, I would be a Prime Minister.
  • I could get there, if only, tomorrow.
• Till: It is used to show the extent of time in the clause.
  Example:
  • Wait here till I come.
  • He practised for the exams till late.
• As: It is used to show time, cause and reason in a sentence.
  Example:
  • As I left my home, I found a purse.
  • She is weak as she was ill.
• In order that: It is used to show the purpose in the sentence.
  Example:
  • We eat in order that we may live.
  • She walked faster in order that she could got the bus.
• Unless: It shows the negativity stated in a condition,
  Example:
  • You will not pass unless you study.
  • She will not stop crying unless she meets her father.
• As if: This is used to show an imaginary condition in a sentence.
  Example:
  • He talks me as if he were my boss.
  • She behaves as if she were a dictator.
• Now that: This is used to show a current situation which is the outcome of some past event.
  Example:
  • Now that it is clear India is in the semifinal, we are celebrating.
  • Now that her marriage has been fixed she wanted to quit her job.
• Until: It shows the negativity related to time in a sentence.
  Example:
  • Do not go until I come.
  • They are not ready to pay until they get the house.
• As long as: It is used to show the extent of time and its duration related to an event.
  Example:
  • As long as electricity is supplied, the machine will run.
  • She is the new captain as long as the previous captain recovers.
• Once: It shows the limited frequency of an event to one.
  Example:
  • Once she was in England.
  • I take tea once in a day.
• When: It shows the time related to an event in a sentence.
  Example:
  • I know the time when she was born.
  • She is aware when they could harm her.
• As though: It shows the manner of an event in the sentence.
  Example:
  • He showed the anger as though he were the victim of it.
  • She cared the baby as though she were her mother.
• Rather than: This is used to show preferences or choices in a sentence.
  Example:
  • She would die rather than beg.
  • I would live in Delhi rather than London.
• Whenever: This shows the definite situation in a sentence.
  Example:
  • Whenever I wanted to meet him, he didn’t come. .
  • I keep myself in my mother’s cap whenever I feel sad.
• Because: It is used to express the reason of an action.
  Example:
  • I will eat a pizza because I am hungry.
  • We have to clean the house because tomorrow is Diwali.
• Since: This is used to show a time reference in a sentence.
  Example:
  • I have been doing this since January.
  • She may pass since she had studied this subject.
• Where: It shows place or position specification in a sentence.
  Example:
  • I do not know where it is to be kept.
  • She may go where she wanted to.
• Before: It is used to show a position, a time that states an event finished earlier.
  Example:
  • Get ready to go before the jury.
  • She had written a letter before me.
• So that: It is used to show a result or an outcome of any event.
  Example:
  • She is reading so that she can pass.
  • India is planning to enter manufacturing so that revenue can be generated.
• Whereas: It shows the contrast between the two clauses.
  Example:
  • She is intelligent whereas her brother is not.
  • America is developed whereas India is developing.
• Even if: It is used to put a stress on the given conditionals.
  Example:
  • I shall not give it you event if I am told officially.
  • She will continue her education even if she gets married.
• Than: It is used for the purpose of comparison.
  Example:
  • It is better to leave than doing it.
  • It was easier said than done.
• Wherever: It is used to put positional stress in a sentence.
  Example:
  • I shall go with you wherever you go.
  • Police shall take him out no matter wherever he has hidden himself.
• That: It is used to join the two different clauses in the sentence.
  Example:
  • She told me that she was a poet.
  • They know that you can be handy.
• While: It is used to combine the two dynamic verbs that may be simultaneous or may not be.
  Example:
  • I was reading while eating.
  • She was talking while crossing.
• On condition that: It is used to express a condition which is a necessity for another action.
  Example:
  • I can give you this book on condition that you will keep it safe.
  • She returned the phone on condition that he would never irritate her.
• Provided that: It is used to express a conditional statement which is either a warning or a requirement for the other action.
  Example:
  • You may go on leave provided that the project should be finished on time.
  • She will marry you provided that she would be allowed to study further.

4. Compound Conjunctions: Compound conjunctions are the groups of words (phrases) that are used as conjunction.

5. Linking Adverbs and Transition Words: These are used to connect two independent clauses or sentences. The linking adverbs and transition words are used to provide transition between ideas. 
Linking adverbs and transition words include: