Consequences of Industrialization | AP World History - Grade 9 PDF Download

In Search of Natural Resources

• During the 19th century, European powers embarked on a quest for natural resources to fuel their industrial revolutions.
• This pursuit led to extensive colonization and imperialism in regions like India, China, Japan, and Africa.
• European nations sought raw materials such as cotton, rubber, minerals, and more to feed their growing industries.
• The scramble for resources often resulted in exploitative practices and conflicts with local populations.

Impact on Colonized Regions

• Colonized regions faced economic exploitation as their resources were extracted for the benefit of colonial powers.
• Local industries were often disrupted or destroyed to ensure a steady supply of resources to Europe.

Example: Impact on India

• India saw the destruction of its local textile industry to favor British textiles, leading to economic hardships.
• British colonial policies in India were driven by the desire to control and exploit Indian resources.

Environmental Consequences

• The relentless pursuit of natural resources had profound environmental impacts on colonized regions.
• Deforestation, soil degradation, and pollution were common outcomes of resource extraction activities.

Example: Deforestation

• In regions like Africa, excessive logging for timber and land clearing led to widespread deforestation.
• Deforestation not only harmed local ecosystems but also disrupted indigenous communities dependent on forests.
• Europe possesses coal and iron, essential for power and factory equipment, yet lacked certain raw materials - the resolution was colonization.
• Colonization has bestowed significant wealth upon industrial nations.
• Europe undertook colonization across all continents, rapidly depleting raw materials in these regions while causing environmental degradation.
• Transnational Businesses refer to international corporations that bolstered Europe's economic influence in Asia and Africa.

European Imperialism in India

• Europe demonstrated profound ethnocentrism, viewing other cultures as primitive and uncivilized, despite rising criticisms against the slave trade.
• Social Darwinists applied principles of natural selection to society, asserting the existence of superior races or classes, with Britain deeming itself as the most dominant and deserving.
• Rudyard Kipling's poem "White Man's Burden" encapsulated the belief in a moral duty to civilize and justify colonization efforts.

Europe's Ethnocentrism

• Europeans held a strong ethnocentric view, considering other cultures as barbaric and uncivilized, especially during periods of social progress.
• This perspective was fueled by Social Darwinists who likened societal structures to natural selection, attributing dominance to specific races or classes.

Social Darwinists

• Social Darwinists believed in the supremacy of certain races or classes, promoting the idea of Britain as the fittest and most powerful entity.

Moral Obligation

• Rudyard Kipling's poem "White Man's Burden" underscored the moral obligation felt by Europeans to civilize and uplift other societies, providing a rationale for colonization.

Colonial Impact on India

• European Luxuries in India

• Europeans were attracted to various luxuries in India including tea, sugar, silk, salt, and jute.

• India's Vulnerability

• Due to conflicts within the Mughal empire and external threats, India became vulnerable to European powers in the 18th century.

• Seven Year's War

• France and England engaged in the Seven Year's War to establish colonial dominance, with Britain emerging victorious.

• British East India Company

• The British East India Company, functioning as a joint-stock company akin to a modern multinational corporation, held exclusive British trade rights in India under the leadership of figures like Robert Clive.

• Expansion of British Control

• Gradually, Britain expanded its territorial control in India, starting with Ceylon, then moving into regions like Punjab, Northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

• Sepoy Mutiny and British Rule

• The Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, a rebellion by Indian soldiers (Sepoys) against British mistreatment, culminated in the establishment of direct British rule over India, symbolized by Queen Victoria's proclamation as Empress of India.

Legacy and Independence Movement

• Impact of British Rule

• British rule in India led to the spread of English education, the introduction of Christianity, and the initiation of industrialization and urbanization, fostering aspirations for independence among Indians.

• Formation of Indian National Congress

• In 1885, a group of Indians established the Indian National Congress, marking the beginning of organized efforts towards achieving independence, a goal that would be realized in the mid-20th century.

Sepoy Mutiny

• Following the Sepoy Mutiny, the British transformed all of India into a crown colony. Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India, ruling over nearly 300 million Indian subjects.
• The Mughal Empire met its demise as the last ruler, Bahadur Shah II, was exiled.

Bahadur Shah II

• India became a prime example of British imperialism. The upper castes were encouraged to learn English, Christianity spread, and there was a surge in industrialization and urbanization. However, an increasing number of Indians aspired for liberation from British rule.
• In 1885, a faction of Indians established the Indian National Congress to advocate for independence, although this goal was not realized until the mid-20th century.

European Imperialism in China

• Overview of European Imperialism in China: European countries expanded their influence in China through various means.
• Opium Wars: These wars were fought between China and Britain due to trade imbalances and the opium trade.
• Unequal Treaties: China was forced to sign treaties that heavily favored European powers, leading to territorial losses and economic exploitation.
• Extraterritoriality: European citizens in China were not subject to Chinese laws, causing tensions and undermining Chinese sovereignty.
• Impact on Chinese Society: European imperialism disrupted traditional Chinese society and led to social and economic upheaval.
• Open Door Policy: This policy aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China, preventing exclusive control by any one power.
• Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nationalists rebelled against foreign powers and Christian missionaries, seeking to end foreign influence in China.

Overview of European-Chinese Trade Relations and Key Events

• Europe's Trade with China until the 1830s
• Opium Wars
• British Involvement in China
• White Lotus Rebellions
• Taiping Rebellion
• Self-Strengthening Movement
• Korea's Independence Declaration
• Sino-French War
• Sino-Japanese War
• Treaty of Shimonoseki
• Foreign Spheres of Influence in China
• US Involvement and Open Door Policy
• Boxer Rebellion and Boxer Protocol
• Transition from Imperial Government to Republic in China

Europe's Trade with China until the 1830s

Europe was limited to trading with China solely in Canton until the 1830s. During this period, China maintained a relatively isolationist stance, only opening up to Europe when it gained industrial power and resorted to forceful means.

Opium Wars

• Origin and Impact of Opium Wars
• British Trade Tactics
• Treaty of Nanjing and Its Consequences
• British Expansion in China

British Involvement in China

British traders introduced Opium to China in 1773, leading to widespread addiction, which was banned and confiscated by 1839. The subsequent Opium Wars resulted in the Treaty of Nanjing, granting Britain significant trade advantages and culminating in the acquisition of Hong Kong.

White Lotus Rebellions

During the early 19th century, the White Lotus Rebellions were initiated by frustrated Buddhists in response to excessive taxes and governmental corruption.

Taiping Rebellion

In the mid-19th century, the Taiping Rebellion, led by a religious zealot, nearly overthrew the Manchu government, showcasing widespread discontent and a desire for change.

Self-Strengthening Movement

The Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s was an unsuccessful attempt by the Manchu Dynasty to bolster its power and address internal weaknesses.

Korea's Independence Declaration

In 1876, Korea declared independence from China, asserting its autonomy in the face of external pressures.

Sino-French War and Sino-Japanese War

China's defeat in the Sino-French War of 1883 and the subsequent loss to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 highlighted the decline of Chinese influence and territorial concessions.

Foreign Spheres of Influence in China

Various Western powers, including France, Germany, Russia, and Britain, established spheres of influence in China, leading to weakened Chinese sovereignty and control.

US Involvement and Open Door Policy

Despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the United States pledged to support Chinese sovereignty and equal trading rights through the Open Door Policy, aiming to prevent total British dominance in China.

Boxer Rebellion and Boxer Protocol

The Boxer Rebellion, an anti-foreigner movement led by Chinese nationalists, resulted in the Boxer Protocol, where China was compelled to pay reparations to European and Japanese powers for the costs incurred during the uprising.

Transition from Imperial Government to Republic in China

The downfall of the imperial government in 1911 marked the end of China's imperial era, leading to the establishment of a republic and a significant shift in the country's political structure.

Key Events in Chinese History

• Treaty of Nanjing: This treaty, signed under duress, granted Britain significant trading privileges in China.
• Hong Kong Becomes British Territory (1843): Hong Kong was declared a possession of the British crown.
• Second Opium War (1856-1860): Britain's objective was to expand trade, resulting in a four-year conflict where China was forced to open up for trade extensively.
• Consequences of British Influence: The British domination led to internal unrest in China due to perceived governmental failures.
  • White Lotus Rebellions (early 19th century): Buddhists protested against taxes and corruption.
  • Taiping Rebellion (mid-19th century): A religious leader led a near-successful revolt against the ruling Manchu dynasty.
  • Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s): An unsuccessful attempt by the Manchu Dynasty to reform itself.
  • Korea's Independence (1876): Korea asserted its independence from China.
  • Sino-French War (1883) and Sino-Japanese War: China lost control of Vietnam and Taiwan to France and Japan respectively.
  • European Spheres of Influence: France, Germany, Russia, and Britain established spheres of influence in China.
  • Open Door Policy (1899): The United States aimed to support Chinese sovereignty and equal trading rights.

Key Takeaways

Chinese History Overview

• The White Lotus Rebellions (early 19th century): This movement stemmed from the frustrations of Buddhists regarding high taxes and governmental corruption.
• The Taiping Rebellion (mid-19th century): Led by a religious fanatic, this rebellion came close to toppling the Manchu government.
• The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s): An unsuccessful attempt by the Manchu Dynasty to revitalize itself.
• Korea's Independence (1876): Korea declared its independence from China during this period.
• The Sino-French War (1883): China suffered a loss of control over Vietnam to the French.
• The Sino-Japanese War and Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895): China was defeated by Japan in this conflict, leading to the cession of Taiwan to Japan and granting them trading rights.
• Foreign Influence in China: Countries like France, Germany, Russia, and Britain established their spheres of influence in China, although it was not colonial rule as the Manchu Dynasty retained authority until 1900.
• The Open Door Policy: Initiated by the US, aimed at supporting Chinese sovereignty, equal trading rights, and preventing complete British dominance. This was despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which prohibited Chinese immigration to the US.

This structured content provides an overview of significant events in Chinese history during the 19th century, including rebellions, wars, movements, and foreign influences. It highlights key points in a concise and informative manner for better understanding.

Taiping Rebellion

• During the 1860s, the Manchu Dynasty initiated the Self-Strengthening Movement in an effort to consolidate its power, but unfortunately, this endeavor was unsuccessful.

Self-Strengthening Movement

• In 1876, Korea boldly asserted its independence from China.
• The Sino-French War of 1883 resulted in China losing control over Vietnam.

Sino-French War

• As a consequence of being defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War, China faced significant losses.

Sino-Japanese War

• Under the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, China was compelled to cede control of Taiwan to Japan and grant them trading privileges.

Treaty of Shimonoseki

• By 1900, France, Germany, Russia, and Britain had established their spheres of influence within China, although these were distinct from outright colonies due to the continued authority of the Manchu Dynasty.

Spheres of Influence

• In 1900, the United States made a commitment to uphold the sovereignty of the Chinese government and ensure equitable trade relations to prevent complete British domination, as outlined in the Open Door Policy. This pledge was made despite the earlier Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which restricted Chinese immigration to the United States.

Open Door Policy

Open Door Policy

• Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or Boxers: Chinese peasant nationalists attempted to rebel by slaughtering Christian missionaries and controlling foreign embassies in response to the government's defeats and concessions to the West, but they failed.
• Boxer Protocol: China was forced to pay Europeans and Japanese with rebellion costs.

Boxers

• Boxer Protocol: China was forced to pay Europeans and Japanese with rebellion costs.

Boxer Protocol

• Chinese culture also started to crumble - the imperial government ended in 1911, and a republic was established in China.

Japanese Imperialism

• Japanese expansionism and imperialism led to significant influence and control over neighboring territories and countries.
• Japan sought to establish dominance in East Asia through military conquests and strategic alliances.
• The Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century transformed Japan into a modern industrialized nation, enabling its imperial ambitions.
• Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910 marked a significant step in its imperial expansion, leading to harsh colonial rule.
• The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 showcased Japan's military prowess and ambition on the global stage.

Japan's Historical Transformation

• During the 17th and 18th centuries, Japan isolated itself from European influences. This changed when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived from the US in 1853, marking a shift in Japan's approach due to increasing Western and US power dynamics.
• The Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 symbolized Japan's entry into the industrialized world through a trade agreement with Western nations.

Commodore Matthew Perry

• Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in Japan in 1853 played a pivotal role in opening up Japan to the world, prompting the country to engage with global industrialization.

Treaty of Kanagawa

• The Treaty of Kanagawa, signed in 1854, was a significant pact that led to the restoration of Emperor Meiji to power, as samurais rebelled against the ruling shogunate.

Meiji Restoration and Japanese Modernization

• The Meiji Restoration era, characterized by Japanese westernization, propelled Japan into a global powerhouse. In the 1870s, Japan undertook modernization efforts such as building railways and steamships while abolishing the samurai warrior class.
• Emphasizing military strength, Japan extended its influence by gaining control of Korea and Taiwan from China in 1895. This period also saw the rise of military pageantry as a cultural phenomenon.
• By the 1890s, Japan had grown formidable enough to diminish European and US dominance in the region, asserting itself as a significant player on the world stage.

Meiji Restoration

• 1870s: Japan focused on modernization by constructing railways and steamships, while also abolishing the samurai warrior class.
• Prioritized military strength by seizing control of Korea and Taiwan from China in 1895. This emphasis on military power led to the rise of military pageantry as a significant cultural movement.
• By the 1890s, Japan had grown formidable enough to diminish the influence of European powers and the United States in the region.

European Imperialism in Africa

• Origins of European Imperialism in Africa
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  • European nations embarked on a quest to colonize Africa, driven by motives such as economic exploitation, territorial expansion, and the spread of Christianity.
  • Examples: European powers like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal scrambled to establish colonies in Africa to exploit its vast resources.
• Impact of European Imperialism
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  • Economic Exploitation: European powers exploited Africa's resources for their own economic gain, leading to the impoverishment of indigenous populations.
  • Political Fragmentation: Arbitrary borders drawn by Europeans divided ethnic groups and created tensions that persist to this day.
  • Cultural Imposition: European colonial powers imposed their languages, religions, and cultural norms on African societies, often suppressing local traditions.
  • Resistance and Independence Movements: Africans resisted European domination through movements like Pan-Africanism and eventually fought for and gained independence from colonial rule.

Overview of European Exploration and Colonization in Africa

• Interior Africa remained a mystery to Europeans, with coastal regions utilized for limited trade, as well as ship stopping points and participation in the slave trade.

Abolition of the Slave Trade and Its Aftermath

• Between 1807 and 1820, a significant shift occurred as most European nations abolished the slave trade following the rise of Enlightenment principles. Subsequently, slavery itself was abolished a few decades later.
• No new enslaved individuals were brought into Europe during this period. However, those already enslaved did not gain their freedom until the mid-19th century. Former slaves either returned to Africa or established their own communities.

Exploration and Colonization in Specific African Regions

• South Africa: The Dutch initially settled in Cape Town, which was later seized by the British in 1795. Dutch settlers, known as Boers, migrated northeast and discovered valuable resources like diamonds and gold. This led to conflicts such as the Boer War (1899-1902), where the British sought to control these resources and ultimately emerged victorious.
• Egypt: In the 18th century, Napoleon's attempts to dominate Egypt during a period of weak Ottoman rule were thwarted by Muhammad Ali. Following this, efforts towards industrialization and agricultural expansion began, albeit temporarily interrupted by Abbas I. The construction of the Suez Canal, completed in 1869 with French assistance, connected the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, eventually falling under British control.

South Africa

• South African Dutch (Boers) migrated northeast, uncovering valuable resources like diamonds and gold. Subsequently, the British pursued the Boer War (1899-1902) to secure control over these resources, emerging victorious.

Boer War

• In Egypt, Napoleon's endeavor to dominate the region in the 18th century amidst a weakened Ottoman rule was thwarted by Muhammad Ali in 1805. Ali initiated industrialization and agricultural advancements, briefly interrupted by Abbas I. Notably, the construction of the Suez Canal, finalized in 1869 with French involvement, linked the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, eventually falling under British hegemony.

Egypt

• Muhammad Ali: Led Egypt to victory against the French and the Ottoman Empire; initiated industrial and agricultural development.

Efforts by Abbas I and the Construction of the Suez Canal

• During the reign of Abbas I, efforts were briefly halted.
• The Suez Canal was constructed with French assistance and was completed in 1869.
• This canal connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean.
• Eventually, the British took control of the Suez Canal as well.

Berlin Conference and European Colonization of Africa

• Otto von Bismarck convened the European powers in Berlin in 1884 to discuss land claims in African Congo, which fueled the era of colonialism.
• By 1914, nearly all of Africa had been colonized by European powers such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium, with the exceptions of Ethiopia and Liberia.
• European colonial powers brought significant infrastructure to Africa but exploited its resources, often imposing direct rule and their customs over the African populations.
• Boundaries were redrawn without regard for African tribal territories, splitting lands or forcing rival tribes together, disrupting historical patterns and cultural norms.
• Traditional African cultures began to erode under the influences of European colonization.

European Colonization of Africa

• Europeans brought significant infrastructure to Africa, yet exploited its resources, establishing direct control and imposing their customs on African societies. The British, preoccupied with India, were an exception.
• European powers ignored African borders, dividing tribal lands arbitrarily or forcing rival tribes together, disregarding historical and cultural sensitivities.
• Traditional African cultural practices began to deteriorate under the influence of European colonization.

US Foreign Policy

US foreign policy encompasses various strategies and actions undertaken by the United States in its interactions with other nations. Let's delve into the key aspects:

Historical Context

• The Monroe Doctrine, articulated in 1823, declared the Americas off-limits for further colonization by European powers, establishing the foundation for US influence in the Western Hemisphere.
• Following World War II, the United States emerged as a global superpower, shaping international relations through initiatives like the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe.
• The Cold War era saw the US engaging in containment policies to counter the spread of communism, leading to interventions in regions like Korea and Vietnam.

Human Rights and Democracy Promotion

• The United States has often positioned itself as a champion of human rights and democracy, supporting movements for freedom and self-determination worldwide.
• Instances include the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and backing democratic transitions in countries like South Africa and Eastern Europe during the late 20th century.
• Monroe Doctrine
  • U.S. President Monroe announced in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European intervention. This move was supported by Britain due to concerns about Spain's potential actions.
• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
  • The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the U.S. would intervene in financial disputes between the Americas and Europe to maintain peace. This was necessary because European powers were still heavily investing in Latin American industries.
• Panama Canal
  • The United States demonstrated its own form of imperialism in Latin America by constructing the Panama Canal in Panama. This strategic waterway significantly impacted global trade and transportation.
• Spanish-American War
  • In 1898, the U.S. entered the Spanish-American War to assist Cuba in its conflict with Spain. The U.S. emerged victorious, gaining control over territories such as the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba (which was granted independence in exchange for the establishment of U.S. military bases).