Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE PDF Download

Direction Cosines Of A Line

If  are the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive directions of the axes. of x, y and z respectively, then  are called the direction cosines (briefly written as d.c.’s) of the line. These d.c.’s are usually denote by l, m, n.
Let AB be a given line. Draw a line OP parallel to the line AB and passing through the origin O. Measure angles  then  are the d.c.’s of the line AB. It can be easily seen that l, m, n, are the direction cosines of a line if and only if  is a unit vector in the direction of that line. Clearly OP'(i.e. the line through O and parallel to BA) makes angle 180° – α, 180°– β, 180° – γ with OX, OY and OZ respectively. Hence d.c.’s of the line BA are  i.e., are
If the length of a line OP through the origin O be r, then the co-ordinates of P are (lr, mr, nr) where l, m, n are the d c.’s of OP.

If l, m, n are direction cosines of any line AB, then they will satisfy

Direction Ratios :

If the direction cosines l, m, n of a given line be proportional to any three numbers a, b, c respectively, then the numbers a, b, c are called direction ratios (briefly written as d.r.’s of the given line.

Relation Between Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios :

Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of a line whose d.c.’s are l, m, n. From the definition of d.r.’s. we have l/a = m/b = n/c = k (say).     Then l = ka, m = kb, n = kc. But

.
Taking the positive value of k, we get l

Again taking the negative value of k, we get l

Remark. Direction cosines of a line are unique. But the direction ratios of a line are by no means unique. If a, b, c are direction ratios of a line, then ka, kb, kc are also direction ratios of that line where k is any non-zero real number. Moreover if a, b, c are direction ratios of a line, then aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ is a vector parallel to that line.

Example: Find the direction cosines l + m + n of the two lines which are connected by the relation l + m + n = 0 and mn – 2nl –2lm = 0.

Sol. The given relations are l + m + n = 0 or l = –m – n ....(1)

and mn – 2nl – 2lm = 0 ...(2)
Putting the value of l from (1) in the relation (2), we get
mn – 2n (–m –n) – 2(–m – n) m = 0 or

Finding Projection of a line

To find the projection of the line joining two points  on the another line whose d.c.’s are l, m, n.

Let O be the origin. Then

Now the unit vector along the line whose d.c.’s are  

∴ projection of PQ on the line whose d.c.’s are l, m, n

The angle θ between these two lines is given by 

If l₁, m₁, n₁ and l₂ , m₂, n₂ are two sets of real numbers, then

(l₁² + m₁² + n₁²) (l₂² + m₂² + n₂²) - (l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂)² = (m₁n₂ – m₂n₁)² + (n₁l₂ - n₂l₁)² + (l₁m₂ - l₂m₁)²

Now, we have

sin2θ = 1 - cos2θ = 1 - (l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂)² = (l₁² + m₁² + n₁²) (l₂² + m₂² + n₂²) - (l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂)²

 = (m₁n₂ – m₂n₁)² + (n₁l₂ - n₂l₁)² + (l₁m₂ - l₂m₁)²  

Condition for perpendicularity ⇒ l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = 0.

Condition for parallelism ⇒  l₁ = l₂, m₁ = m₂, n₁ = n₂. ⇒  

Example: Show that the lines whose d.c.’s are given by l + m + n = 0 and 2mn + 3ln - 5lm = 0 are at right angles.

Sol. From the first relation, we have l = -m - n....(1)

Putting this value of l in the second relation, we have

2mn + 3 (–m –n) n – 5 (–m –n) m = 0 or 5m² + 4mn – 3n² = 0 or 5(m/n)² + 4(m/n) – 3 = 0 ....(2)

Let l₁, m₁, n₁ and l₂, m₂, n₂ be the d,c,s of the two lines. Then the roots of (2) are m₁/n₁ and m₂/n₂.

product of the roots =   ...(3)

Again from (1), n = – l - m and putting this value of n in the second given relation, we have

2m (–l - m) + 3l(-l - m) - 5lm = 0  or 3(l/m)² + 10 (l/m) + 2 = 0.

l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = (2 + 3 - 5) k = 0 . k = 0.  ⇒  The lines are at right angles.

Remarks :

(a) Any three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines are called the direction ratios    same sign either +ve or –ve should be taken throughout.

Note that d.r’s of a line joining x₁, y₁, z₁ and x₂, y₂, z₂ are proportional to x₂ – x₁, y₂ – y₁ and z₂ – z₁

(b) If θ is the angle between the two lines whose d.c's are l ₁ , m₁, n₁ and l ₂ , m₂, n₂

cos θ = l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂

Hence if lines are perpendicular then l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = 0.

if lines are parallel then  

Note that if three lines are coplanar then 

(c) Projection of the join of two points on a line with d.c’s l, m, n are l (x₂ – x₁) + m(y₂ – y₁) + n(z₂ – z₁)

(d) If l₁, m₁, n₁ and l₂, m₂, n₂ are the d.c.'s of two concurrent lines, show that the d.c's of two lines bisecting the angles between them are proportional to l₁ ± l₂, m₁ ± m₂, n₁ ± n₂