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Glands | Biology for Grade 11 PDF Download

Glands of Epithelium

  • A cell or group of cells which secrete chemical substances are called glands.
  • All glands are composed of epithelium tissue.
  • Glands originate from all three germinal layers.
  • The cells are generally columnar or cuboidal.

Types of Glands

(A) On the basis of presence of secretory duct, glands are of 3 types:

(a)  Endocrine Gland  – Secretory duct absent

Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands

(b)  Exocrine Gland –  Secretory duct present       

(c)  Heterocrine/Mixed Gland – Both endocrine & exocrine parts are present


(B) On the basis of nature of secretion , glands are of 3 types:

(i) Eccrine/Apocrine/Merocrine Gland

  • In these glands secretory cells secrete substances by simple diffusion (Exocytosis).
  • No part of cytoplasm is destroyed in secretion.
  • Maximum sweat glands of humans, paws of rabbit, Goblet cells, salivary gland, tear gland, intestinal gland, mucous gland.

(ii) Apocrine Gland

  • In this type of glands secretory products are collected in apical part of secretory cell. 
  • Apical portion is also shed along with secretory matter.
  • Secretory cells gain their lost part of cytoplasm by process of regeneration.
  • Examples- mammary glands, sweat gland of arm pit, pubic region, skin around anus, lips, nipples etc.
  • Largest sweat gland of body are found around nipples. – Areola mamme.
  • In Rabbit seat glands  of this type are found on lips and skin around lips.

(iii) Holocrine Gland

  • The production or secretion is shed with whole cell leading to its destruction.
  • Example : Sebaceous, meibomian & zeis gland.
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FAQs on Glands - Biology for Grade 11

1. What are glands and what is their function?
Ans. Glands are specialized organs or tissues in the body that produce and release substances necessary for various bodily functions. They can secrete hormones, enzymes, sweat, or other substances. The function of glands varies depending on the type of gland, but they are generally responsible for maintaining homeostasis, regulating bodily processes, and supporting overall health.
2. How many types of glands are there in the human body?
Ans. There are several types of glands in the human body. The main types include exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts, and endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Other types include sweat glands, salivary glands, sebaceous glands, and lymph nodes, each with their specific functions and locations in the body.
3. What is the role of hormones produced by glands?
Ans. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions. They help to control metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, mood, sleep, and other physiological processes. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and bind to specific receptors in target cells or organs, initiating specific responses that maintain overall body balance and function.
4. Can glandular disorders affect overall health?
Ans. Yes, glandular disorders can significantly impact overall health. When glands malfunction or produce an excess or deficiency of hormones, it can disrupt the body's normal functioning. Conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, and hormonal imbalances can lead to a wide range of symptoms and health problems. It is crucial to diagnose and manage glandular disorders to maintain optimal health.
5. How can one maintain healthy gland function?
Ans. To maintain healthy gland function, it is important to adopt a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a balanced diet, staying physically active, managing stress levels, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and excessive alcohol. Regular check-ups with a healthcare professional can help identify any glandular disorders early on and ensure appropriate treatment if needed.
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