Electrophiles & Nucleophiles | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET PDF Download

Electrophile:

All electron-deficient atom or group of atoms are known as Electrophiles, the electrophile attacks at the electron-rich centre.

(a) all positively charged species are electrophiles.

H , NO₂ , Br , Cl , etc. 

(b) The compound in which the octet of central atom is not complete

BF₃, AlCl₃, ZnCl₂, etc. 

(c) all the compounds in which the central atom can expand its octet

SnCl₄, SiCl₄, etc.

(d) all polarising functional group are electrophiles as well as nuelophiles

Nucleophile:

All electron rich compounds are nucleophiles and attack at the electron deficient centre.

(a) all negatively charged species

H^-, Cl^-, NO₂^-, Br^-, CH₃^- etc.

(b) the compound in which the central atom has lone pair of electron.

NH₃, H₂O, ,  etc.

(c) all organometallic compounds are nucleophiles

R - Mgx, RLi, R₂Cd. 

(d) The compound having p e^- density, CH₂ = CH₂, etc.

Nucleophilicity:

The power of nucleophile is known as nucleophilicity .

→ The nucleophilicity of negative charge is greater than the nucleophilicity of lone pair

→ If lone pair or -ve charge is present on the different atoms then less electronegativity, more will be the nucleophilicity.

,  , ,

→ NH₃ < PH₃ < AsH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃ (Nucleophilicity)

→ If -ve charge or lone pair of electron is present on the same atom then the less stable -ve charge will be the better nucleophile

 (nucleophilicity)

 Activators & deactivators

The groups in benzene which show M effect or I effect increases the electron density on benzene it means they activate the ring towards electrophile and known as activator.

, , -CH₃, -OR, -NHMe, ,

The groups which shows -M or -I effect (resultant) decreases the e^- density from benzene ring. It means they deactivate the ring towards electrophile.

, , , ,

, ,  etc.

Ortho, Para & meta director:

The groups which shows +I (resultant) or +M effect then negative charge is developed at the ortho & para position. Therefore electrophile attack at the ortho & para position and the groups are known as OP director.

The groups which shows -M effect or - I effect (resultant) then -ve charge is developed at the ortho & para position this means electron density is minimum at the ortho & para positions and electrophile will attack at the meta position the groups are known as meta director.

,  , , , ,

, ,

Heat of hydrogenation(H.O.H)

It is the amount of energy released when one mole of H₂ is added to any unsaturated system.

CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ → CH₃ - CH₃ 

HOH is exothermic process DH = - ve 

*HOH ≈ No. of p-bonds in compound

If no. of p-bonds is same then

*HOH ≈

In case of alkene,

**

Ex. a

b

c

b > c > a

Energy

Some examples of Aromatic(A), Non-aromatic(NA) and Anti-aromatic(AA)

It decides the stability of the compound and the heat of hydrogenation as well. Aromatic compounds are more stable and having less heat of Hydrogenation.

(1)  (A)  (2)  (AA)  (3)  (AA)

(4)  (NA)  (5)  (AA)  (6)  (A)

(7)  (A)  (8)  (A)

(9)  (A) (2pe)  (10)  (A) (6pe)  (11)  (NA)

(12)  (NA)  (13)  (AA) (4pe)  (14)  (A)

(15)  (NA) (16)  (A) (17)  (A)

(18)  (AA)  (19)  (A)

(20)  (AA)  (21)  (AA)

(22)  (AA)  (23)  (A)  (24)  (A)

(25)  (A)  (26)  (A)  (27)  (NA)