Page 1
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
1
1. COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:
1. To plot the input and output static characteristics.
2. To calculate the input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics
and output dynamic resistance and current gain from the output
characteristics of the given transistor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name of the
Equipment/Component
Specifications Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 107)
I
cmax
=100mA
P
D
=300mw
V
ceo
=45V
V
beo
=50V
1
2 Resistors-39K?,1K?
Power rating=0.5w
Carbon type
1
3 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1
4 Volt meters 0-1V, 0-10V 1
5 Ammeters 0-300µA, 0-10mA 1
Theory:
In common emitter configuration the emitter is common to both input and output.
For normal operation the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and base-
collector junction is reveres biased .The input characteristics are plotted between
I
B
and V
BE
keeping the voltage V
CE
constant. This characteristic is very similar to
that of a forward biased diode. The input dynamic resistance is calculated using
the formula
r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE
The output characteristics are plotted between I
C
and V
CE
keeping I
B
constant.
These curves are almost horizontal. The output dynamic resistance is given by,
r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at constant I
B
At a given operating point, we define DC and AC current gains (beta) as follows
DC current gain ß
dc
= I
C
/ I
B
at constant V
CE
Page 2
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
1
1. COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:
1. To plot the input and output static characteristics.
2. To calculate the input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics
and output dynamic resistance and current gain from the output
characteristics of the given transistor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name of the
Equipment/Component
Specifications Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 107)
I
cmax
=100mA
P
D
=300mw
V
ceo
=45V
V
beo
=50V
1
2 Resistors-39K?,1K?
Power rating=0.5w
Carbon type
1
3 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1
4 Volt meters 0-1V, 0-10V 1
5 Ammeters 0-300µA, 0-10mA 1
Theory:
In common emitter configuration the emitter is common to both input and output.
For normal operation the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and base-
collector junction is reveres biased .The input characteristics are plotted between
I
B
and V
BE
keeping the voltage V
CE
constant. This characteristic is very similar to
that of a forward biased diode. The input dynamic resistance is calculated using
the formula
r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE
The output characteristics are plotted between I
C
and V
CE
keeping I
B
constant.
These curves are almost horizontal. The output dynamic resistance is given by,
r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at constant I
B
At a given operating point, we define DC and AC current gains (beta) as follows
DC current gain ß
dc
= I
C
/ I
B
at constant V
CE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
2
AC current gain ß
ac
= ? I
C
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE.
Circuit diagram:
Fig A: Transistor Common Emitter Configuration
Procedure:
a) Input Characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig A.
2. Keep the voltage V
CE
as constant at 2V by varying V
CC
.
3. Vary the input voltage, V
BB
in steps of 1V up to 10V
4. Measure the voltage, V
BE
from voltmeter and current, I
B
through the
ammeter for different values of input voltages
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 for V
CE
values of 5V and 10V
6. Draw input static characteristics for tabulated values
7. At suitable operating point, calculate input dynamic resistance.
b) Output Characteristics:
1. Fix input base current, I
B
at constant value say at 10µA.
2. Vary the output voltage, V
CC
in steps of 1V from 0V up to10V.
3. Measure the voltage, V
CE
from voltmeter and current I
C
through the
ammeter for different values.
4. Repeat above steps 2and 3 for various values of I
B
=20µA and 30µA.
5. Draw output static characteristics for tabulated values
Page 3
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
1
1. COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:
1. To plot the input and output static characteristics.
2. To calculate the input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics
and output dynamic resistance and current gain from the output
characteristics of the given transistor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name of the
Equipment/Component
Specifications Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 107)
I
cmax
=100mA
P
D
=300mw
V
ceo
=45V
V
beo
=50V
1
2 Resistors-39K?,1K?
Power rating=0.5w
Carbon type
1
3 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1
4 Volt meters 0-1V, 0-10V 1
5 Ammeters 0-300µA, 0-10mA 1
Theory:
In common emitter configuration the emitter is common to both input and output.
For normal operation the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and base-
collector junction is reveres biased .The input characteristics are plotted between
I
B
and V
BE
keeping the voltage V
CE
constant. This characteristic is very similar to
that of a forward biased diode. The input dynamic resistance is calculated using
the formula
r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE
The output characteristics are plotted between I
C
and V
CE
keeping I
B
constant.
These curves are almost horizontal. The output dynamic resistance is given by,
r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at constant I
B
At a given operating point, we define DC and AC current gains (beta) as follows
DC current gain ß
dc
= I
C
/ I
B
at constant V
CE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
2
AC current gain ß
ac
= ? I
C
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE.
Circuit diagram:
Fig A: Transistor Common Emitter Configuration
Procedure:
a) Input Characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig A.
2. Keep the voltage V
CE
as constant at 2V by varying V
CC
.
3. Vary the input voltage, V
BB
in steps of 1V up to 10V
4. Measure the voltage, V
BE
from voltmeter and current, I
B
through the
ammeter for different values of input voltages
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 for V
CE
values of 5V and 10V
6. Draw input static characteristics for tabulated values
7. At suitable operating point, calculate input dynamic resistance.
b) Output Characteristics:
1. Fix input base current, I
B
at constant value say at 10µA.
2. Vary the output voltage, V
CC
in steps of 1V from 0V up to10V.
3. Measure the voltage, V
CE
from voltmeter and current I
C
through the
ammeter for different values.
4. Repeat above steps 2and 3 for various values of I
B
=20µA and 30µA.
5. Draw output static characteristics for tabulated values
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
3
Tabular forms:
a) Input Characteristics:
V
CE
= 2V V
CE
= 5V V
CE
= 10V
S.No
Applied
Voltage
V
BB
(V)
V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA) V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA) V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.2 0.258 0 0.279 0 0.231 0
3 0.4 0.461 35 0.460 45 0.474 40
4 0.6 0.562 60 0.620 60 0.592 60
5 0.8 0.609 90 0.629 90 0.620 90
6 1.0 0.625 110 0.670 110 0.662 110
7 2.0 0.648 140 0.679 140 0.682 140
8 3.0 0.654 160 0.681 160 0.692 160
9 4.0 0.669 190 0.684 185 0.724 190
10 5.0 0.690 210 0.689 210 0.726 218
b) Output Characteristics:
I
B
= 10µA I
B
= 20µA I
B
= 30µA
S.
No
Applied
voltage
Vcc (V)
V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA) V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA) V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.2 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.02 0
3 0.4 0.06 0 0.05 0 0.04 0
4 0.6 0.08 1.0 0.08 2.2 0.05 2.6
5 0.7 0.1 3.2 0.09 4.5 0.06 4.6
6 0.8 0.12 5.0 0.1 6.2 0.07 6.5
7 1.0 0.21 6.2 0.15 7.0 0.12 7.5
8 2.0 0.31 6.5 0.18 7.5 0.17 7.8
9 3.0 0.51 6.7 0.29 7.7 0.28 9.9
10 4.0 0.68 6.8 0.34 8.5 0.33 10.0
11 5.0 0.88 6.9 0.49 8.9 0.39 10.5
Page 4
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
1
1. COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:
1. To plot the input and output static characteristics.
2. To calculate the input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics
and output dynamic resistance and current gain from the output
characteristics of the given transistor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name of the
Equipment/Component
Specifications Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 107)
I
cmax
=100mA
P
D
=300mw
V
ceo
=45V
V
beo
=50V
1
2 Resistors-39K?,1K?
Power rating=0.5w
Carbon type
1
3 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1
4 Volt meters 0-1V, 0-10V 1
5 Ammeters 0-300µA, 0-10mA 1
Theory:
In common emitter configuration the emitter is common to both input and output.
For normal operation the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and base-
collector junction is reveres biased .The input characteristics are plotted between
I
B
and V
BE
keeping the voltage V
CE
constant. This characteristic is very similar to
that of a forward biased diode. The input dynamic resistance is calculated using
the formula
r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE
The output characteristics are plotted between I
C
and V
CE
keeping I
B
constant.
These curves are almost horizontal. The output dynamic resistance is given by,
r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at constant I
B
At a given operating point, we define DC and AC current gains (beta) as follows
DC current gain ß
dc
= I
C
/ I
B
at constant V
CE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
2
AC current gain ß
ac
= ? I
C
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE.
Circuit diagram:
Fig A: Transistor Common Emitter Configuration
Procedure:
a) Input Characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig A.
2. Keep the voltage V
CE
as constant at 2V by varying V
CC
.
3. Vary the input voltage, V
BB
in steps of 1V up to 10V
4. Measure the voltage, V
BE
from voltmeter and current, I
B
through the
ammeter for different values of input voltages
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 for V
CE
values of 5V and 10V
6. Draw input static characteristics for tabulated values
7. At suitable operating point, calculate input dynamic resistance.
b) Output Characteristics:
1. Fix input base current, I
B
at constant value say at 10µA.
2. Vary the output voltage, V
CC
in steps of 1V from 0V up to10V.
3. Measure the voltage, V
CE
from voltmeter and current I
C
through the
ammeter for different values.
4. Repeat above steps 2and 3 for various values of I
B
=20µA and 30µA.
5. Draw output static characteristics for tabulated values
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
3
Tabular forms:
a) Input Characteristics:
V
CE
= 2V V
CE
= 5V V
CE
= 10V
S.No
Applied
Voltage
V
BB
(V)
V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA) V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA) V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.2 0.258 0 0.279 0 0.231 0
3 0.4 0.461 35 0.460 45 0.474 40
4 0.6 0.562 60 0.620 60 0.592 60
5 0.8 0.609 90 0.629 90 0.620 90
6 1.0 0.625 110 0.670 110 0.662 110
7 2.0 0.648 140 0.679 140 0.682 140
8 3.0 0.654 160 0.681 160 0.692 160
9 4.0 0.669 190 0.684 185 0.724 190
10 5.0 0.690 210 0.689 210 0.726 218
b) Output Characteristics:
I
B
= 10µA I
B
= 20µA I
B
= 30µA
S.
No
Applied
voltage
Vcc (V)
V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA) V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA) V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.2 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.02 0
3 0.4 0.06 0 0.05 0 0.04 0
4 0.6 0.08 1.0 0.08 2.2 0.05 2.6
5 0.7 0.1 3.2 0.09 4.5 0.06 4.6
6 0.8 0.12 5.0 0.1 6.2 0.07 6.5
7 1.0 0.21 6.2 0.15 7.0 0.12 7.5
8 2.0 0.31 6.5 0.18 7.5 0.17 7.8
9 3.0 0.51 6.7 0.29 7.7 0.28 9.9
10 4.0 0.68 6.8 0.34 8.5 0.33 10.0
11 5.0 0.88 6.9 0.49 8.9 0.39 10.5
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
4
Model graphs:
Fig B: Input Characteristics Fig C: Output Characteristics
Calculations:
a) Input Characteristics:
Input Resistance, r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at V
CE
constant
= (0.654-0.647) / (90-30) X 10
-6
= 116?.
b) Output Characteristics:
Output dynamic resistance, r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at I
B
constant
= (0.9-0.15) / (9.25-7.2) X10
-3
= 365.85?.
Current gain, ß
= ? I
C
/ ? I
B
at V
CE
constant
= (8.8-6.8)10
-3
/10X10
-6
= 200
Precautions:
1. Connections must be done very carefully.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
3. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum rating of the
given transistor.
Result:
Input and output characteristics are observed for the given transistor in
common emitter configuration. The input resistance, output resistance and the
current gain are calculated.
Page 5
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
1
1. COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:
1. To plot the input and output static characteristics.
2. To calculate the input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics
and output dynamic resistance and current gain from the output
characteristics of the given transistor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Name of the
Equipment/Component
Specifications Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 107)
I
cmax
=100mA
P
D
=300mw
V
ceo
=45V
V
beo
=50V
1
2 Resistors-39K?,1K?
Power rating=0.5w
Carbon type
1
3 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1
4 Volt meters 0-1V, 0-10V 1
5 Ammeters 0-300µA, 0-10mA 1
Theory:
In common emitter configuration the emitter is common to both input and output.
For normal operation the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and base-
collector junction is reveres biased .The input characteristics are plotted between
I
B
and V
BE
keeping the voltage V
CE
constant. This characteristic is very similar to
that of a forward biased diode. The input dynamic resistance is calculated using
the formula
r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE
The output characteristics are plotted between I
C
and V
CE
keeping I
B
constant.
These curves are almost horizontal. The output dynamic resistance is given by,
r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at constant I
B
At a given operating point, we define DC and AC current gains (beta) as follows
DC current gain ß
dc
= I
C
/ I
B
at constant V
CE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
2
AC current gain ß
ac
= ? I
C
/ ? I
B
at constant V
CE.
Circuit diagram:
Fig A: Transistor Common Emitter Configuration
Procedure:
a) Input Characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig A.
2. Keep the voltage V
CE
as constant at 2V by varying V
CC
.
3. Vary the input voltage, V
BB
in steps of 1V up to 10V
4. Measure the voltage, V
BE
from voltmeter and current, I
B
through the
ammeter for different values of input voltages
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 for V
CE
values of 5V and 10V
6. Draw input static characteristics for tabulated values
7. At suitable operating point, calculate input dynamic resistance.
b) Output Characteristics:
1. Fix input base current, I
B
at constant value say at 10µA.
2. Vary the output voltage, V
CC
in steps of 1V from 0V up to10V.
3. Measure the voltage, V
CE
from voltmeter and current I
C
through the
ammeter for different values.
4. Repeat above steps 2and 3 for various values of I
B
=20µA and 30µA.
5. Draw output static characteristics for tabulated values
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
3
Tabular forms:
a) Input Characteristics:
V
CE
= 2V V
CE
= 5V V
CE
= 10V
S.No
Applied
Voltage
V
BB
(V)
V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA) V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA) V
BE
(V) I
B
(µA)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.2 0.258 0 0.279 0 0.231 0
3 0.4 0.461 35 0.460 45 0.474 40
4 0.6 0.562 60 0.620 60 0.592 60
5 0.8 0.609 90 0.629 90 0.620 90
6 1.0 0.625 110 0.670 110 0.662 110
7 2.0 0.648 140 0.679 140 0.682 140
8 3.0 0.654 160 0.681 160 0.692 160
9 4.0 0.669 190 0.684 185 0.724 190
10 5.0 0.690 210 0.689 210 0.726 218
b) Output Characteristics:
I
B
= 10µA I
B
= 20µA I
B
= 30µA
S.
No
Applied
voltage
Vcc (V)
V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA) V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA) V
CE
(V) I
C
(mA)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.2 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.02 0
3 0.4 0.06 0 0.05 0 0.04 0
4 0.6 0.08 1.0 0.08 2.2 0.05 2.6
5 0.7 0.1 3.2 0.09 4.5 0.06 4.6
6 0.8 0.12 5.0 0.1 6.2 0.07 6.5
7 1.0 0.21 6.2 0.15 7.0 0.12 7.5
8 2.0 0.31 6.5 0.18 7.5 0.17 7.8
9 3.0 0.51 6.7 0.29 7.7 0.28 9.9
10 4.0 0.68 6.8 0.34 8.5 0.33 10.0
11 5.0 0.88 6.9 0.49 8.9 0.39 10.5
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
4
Model graphs:
Fig B: Input Characteristics Fig C: Output Characteristics
Calculations:
a) Input Characteristics:
Input Resistance, r
i
= ? V
BE
/ ? I
B
at V
CE
constant
= (0.654-0.647) / (90-30) X 10
-6
= 116?.
b) Output Characteristics:
Output dynamic resistance, r
o
= ?V
CE
/ ? I
C
at I
B
constant
= (0.9-0.15) / (9.25-7.2) X10
-3
= 365.85?.
Current gain, ß
= ? I
C
/ ? I
B
at V
CE
constant
= (8.8-6.8)10
-3
/10X10
-6
= 200
Precautions:
1. Connections must be done very carefully.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
3. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum rating of the
given transistor.
Result:
Input and output characteristics are observed for the given transistor in
common emitter configuration. The input resistance, output resistance and the
current gain are calculated.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
5
Inference:
It is observed from the input characteristics that as V
CE
increases, the curves are
shifted towards right side. This is due to the Early effect.
Questions & Answers:
1. List various operating regions of Transistor
A. Active region, cut-off region, and saturation region.
2. List various biasing circuits
A. Fixed bias, collector to base bias, and self bias.
3. Give Transistor current equation in CE configuration
A. I
C
=ß I
B
+ (1+ß) I
CEO.
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