FIR Filter Design & Realizations of Digital Filters | Signals and Systems - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) PDF Download

FIR filter design

In the previous section, digital filters were designed to give a desired frequency response magnitude without regard to the phase response. In many cases a linear phase characteristics is required through the passband of the filter. It can be shown that causal IIR filter cannot produce a linear phase characteristics and only special forms of causal FIR filters can give linear phase.

If {h[n]} represents the impulse response of a discrete time linear system a necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase is that {h[n]} have finite duration N , that it be symmetric about its mid point, i.e

For N even, we get

For N odd

For N even we get a non-integer delay, which will cause the value of the sequenceto change, [See continuous time implementation of discrete time system, for interpretation of non-integer delay].

One approach to design FIR filters with linear phase is to use windowing.

The easiest way to obtain an FIR filter is to simply truncate the impulse response of an IIR filter. If {h_d[n]} is the impulse response of the designed FIR filter, then an FIR filter with impulseresponse {h[n]} can be obtained as follows.

This can be thought of as being formed by a product of {h_d[n]} and a window function {ω[n]}

where {ω[n]}  is said to be rectangular window and is given by

Using modulation property of Fourier transfer

For example if  H_d(e^jω) is ideal low pass filter and {ω[n]} is rectangular window is measured version of the ideal low pass frequency response.

In general, the index the main lobe of  W(e^jω), the more H(e^jω) spreading where as the narrower the main lobe (larger N), the closer |H(e^jω)| comes to. In general, we are left with a trade-off of making N large-enough so that smearing is minimized, yet small enough to allow reasonable implementation. Much work has been done on adjusting {ω[n]} to satisfy certain main lobe and side lobe requirements. Some of the commonly used windows are give in below. 

(a) Rectangular

(b) Bartlett (or triangle)

(c) Hanning

(d) Harming

(e) Blackman

(f) Kaiser

where  I₀(x) is modified zero-order Bessel function of the first kind given by

The main lobe width and first side lobe attenuation increase as we proceed down the window listed above.

An ideal lowpass filter with linear phase and cut off ω_c is characterized by

The corresponding impulse response is

Since this is symmetric about n = α , if we change α = (N - 1)/2 and use one of the windows listed above the will get linear phase FIR filter. Transition width and minimum stopped attenuation are listed in the Table 9.3.

Table 9.3

We first choose a window that satisfies the minimum attenuation. The transition bandwidth is approximately that allows us to choose the value of N. Actual frequency response characteristic are then calculated and we see if the requirements are met or not. Accordingly N is adjusted parameters for kaiser window are obtained from design formula available for this MATLAB or similar programmes have all there formulas.

Realizations of Digital Filters

We have many realizations of digital filter. Some of these are now discussed. Direct Form Realization - An important class of linear time -invariant systems is characterized by the transfer function.

A system with input {x[n]} and output {y[n]} could be realized by the following constant coefficient difference equation

A realization of the filter using equation (9.31) is shown in figure (9.6)

The output y[n] is seen to be weighted sum of input x[n] and past inputs x[n - 1],.....x[n - A] and past outputs. Another realization can be obtained by uniting H(z) as product of two transfer functions H₁(z) and H₂(z), where H₁(z) contains only the denominator or poles and H₂(z) contains only the numerator or zeros as follows

where

The output of the filter is obtained by calculating the intermediate result {ω[n]} obtained from operating on the input with filter H₁(z) and then operating on w[n] with filter.Thus we obtain 

or

and

or

The realization is shown in figure 9.8

Upon close examination of Fig 9.8, it can be seen that the two branches of delay elements can be combined as they both refer to delayed versions of ω[n] and upon simplification, the direct form II canonical realization is obtained as shown in figure 9.9

In this form the number of delay element is max (M,N). It can be shown that this is the minimum number of delay elements that are required to implement the digital filter. This does not mean that this is the best realization. Immunity to roundoff and quantization are very important considerations.

An important special case that is used as building block occurs when. Thus H(z)  is ratio of two qualities in z^-1, called biquadratic section, and is given by

The alternative form is found to be useful for amplitude scaling for improving performance file filter operation. This form is shown in figure 9.10.

Cascade Realizations: In the cascade realization H(z) is broken into productof transfer functions    each a rational expression in z^-1 as follows

H(z)  could be broken up in many ways; however the most common method is to use biquadratic sections. Thus

by letting ^b2k and ^a2k  equal to zero we get bilinear section. Even among the biquadratic sections we have many choices as how we pair poles and zeros. Also the order of the sections can be different

Example:

Final cascade realization of

Using only real coefficients H(z)  can be decompressed as

Divides both numerator and denominator by z³ and factoring 8 as   , one possible rearrangement for H(z) is

This can be realized as shown is figure 9.12

Parallel Realizations:

The transfer function H (z) could be written as a sum of transfer functions as follows:

One parallel form results when H_k(z) are all selected to be of the following form for (M < N) 

If M > N, we will have a section H₀(z) of FIR filter, obtained by performing long division. Once denominator polynomial has degree more than the numerator polynomial we perform the partial fraction expansion. The resulting structure is shown in figure 9.13.

Example:

Find the parallel form for the filter given in last example.

Using MATLAB program or otherwise we get

using direst form realization for individual section we get the structure shown in figure 9.14.

Apart from these there exist a number of other realizations like lattice form, state variable realization etc.