What is the critical volume of blood accumulation in the pericardial sac that can lead to cardiac tamponade?

More than 250 ml

Which type of hemorrhage can lead to mechanical asphyxia in cases of severe neck trauma?

Hemorrhage in the respiratory tract

What is the primary cause of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Fluid accumulation in the air sacs of the lungs

Which bacteria are commonly associated with wound infections?

Staphylococci, Streptococci, Coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens and tetani

What condition arises from fat globules entering the bloodstream, often following trauma?

Fat embolism

Which condition is characterized by severe sepsis and is associated with bacterial toxins in the bloodstream?

Septic shock

What is the maximum percentage of blood volume loss that can be life-threatening for someone with pre-existing conditions?

As little as 40%

What type of embolism involves air bubbles entering the circulatory system?

Air embolism

Which syndrome is associated with suprarenal hemorrhage and can occur after significant trauma?

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

What is the effect of vagal inhibition on heart rate?

It can decrease heart rate

Which type of embolism is particularly significant in forensic contexts and can lead to tissue infarction?

Thrombotic embolism

What are the potential consequences of a significant internal hemorrhage in the cranial cavity?

Increased intracranial pressure and potential brain damage

Which type of hemorrhage can result from injuries to the gastrointestinal tract?

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage

What are the common clinical features of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Shortness of breath, orthopnoea, hypoxaemia, and worsening respiratory failure

Which factor can lead to hypovolemic shock due to external hemorrhage?

Loss of 2 liters of blood

What is the primary pathological finding in lung tissue of a patient with ARDS?

Fluid rich in fibrin within the air sacs

Which blood condition can indicate the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)?

Depletion of platelets and formation of small clots in peripheral blood vessels

Which medical procedure poses a risk of introducing air into the bloodstream, potentially causing air embolism?

Intravenous (IV) administration without removing air from the tubing

How can extensive bruising in soft tissues lead to life-threatening conditions?

It can lead to hypovolaemia

What histological findings are indicative of amniotic fluid embolism during an autopsy?

Presence of fetal debris and obstruction of pulmonary capillaries

What distinguishes antemortem wounds from postmortem wounds in forensic examinations?

Antemortem wounds show signs of healing, while postmortem wounds do not.

What is a common cause of pulmonary air embolism during surgical procedures?

Injuries involving cerebral venous sinuses

What are the primary systemic factors believed to cause suprarenal hemorrhage?

Stress-induced damage to blood vessels in the adrenal medulla

How do fat globules enter the bloodstream during trauma to fatty tissues?

Through fractures in the pelvis and long bones

What type of embolism can occur when a diver ascends too quickly while holding their breath?

Gas embolism

What is the effect of anticoagulants on bleeding in trauma patients?

It can cause disproportionate bleeding compared to the trauma severity.

Which of the following complications can occur due to hemorrhage? A) Neurologic shock B) Hypertension C) Hyperventilation D) Hypoglycemia

A) Neurologic shock

What is the potential consequence of more than 250 ml of blood accumulating in the pericardial sac?

Cardiac tamponade leading to cardiac standstill

In which condition is the presence of fat globules in lung tissue significant, especially post-trauma?

Fat embolism syndrome

What is the primary cause of septic shock in patients with gram-negative bacterial infections?

Presence of exotoxins from bacterial colonization in the bloodstream