What are the primary sources of contamination in PCR processes?

Environmental factors, previous PCR processes, cross-contamination between samples.

Which year marked the beginning of forensic DNA analysis in the UK?

1985.

What is the role of the Forensic Science Service (FSS) in the UK regarding DNA evidence?

The FSS integrated PCR-based technology and developed a National DNA Database.

What is the significance of the National Academy of Sciences’ NRC Report I (1992)?

It validated DNA profiling systems for forensic applications.

In population genetics, why is it recommended to use databases from relevant ethnic groups?

To obtain accurate estimates of marker frequencies for forensic identification.

What is the main purpose of Y-chromosome STR analysis in forensic science?

To identify male-specific profiles, especially in cases of sexual assault or when sperm is not available.

Which legislation in the USA significantly impacted the acceptance of DNA evidence?

The DNA Identification Act of 1994.

Define the Power of Discrimination (Pd) in forensic genetics.

It measures the likelihood that two randomly selected individuals will have different genotypes.

What is a key requirement for the standardization of STR nomenclature?

Alleles should be identified by the number of repeats they contain.

Which Y-chromosome STR was the first identified and recognized for paternity testing?

DYS19.

How does the match probability (pM) relate to the Power of Discrimination (Pd)?

Pd is calculated as 1 – pM.

Which interspersed tandem repeats constitute 60% of the Y-chromosome region on its long arm?

Interspersed tandem repeats.

What is the importance of marker frequencies in forensic DNA analysis?

They are crucial for calculating the probability of a match or discrimination.

What are the two main types of genetic markers used in forensic analysis?

Autosomal DNA markers and Y-chromosome markers.

In forensic science, what does the term 'haplotype' refer to?

The profile of an individual at two or more loci.

What is the function of the CODIS database in the USA?

It stores DNA profiles from crime scenes to assist in criminal investigations.

What does the term 'complex hypervariable systems' refer to in STR classification?

A class of STRs characterized by highly variable repeat patterns.

How does fluorescent technology enhance the resolution of STRs?

It allows for better visualization and differentiation of alleles.

What is the recommended number of profiles to include in a population database for forensic genetics?

At least 100 profiles.

What factors limit the forensic use of Y-chromosome polymorphic minisatellites?

Their simplicity and availability.

What should be done to items with blood stains before packaging in forensic collection?

They must be air-dried.

What are the possible consequences of contamination during PCR processes?

It can lead to false results and misidentification of DNA sources.

What role does the ISFG play in the standardization of STR technology?

It publishes guidelines and conducts inter-laboratory exercises.

What is the significance of using a multiplexer in Y-STR amplification?

It enables the simultaneous amplification of multiple loci, conserving small forensic samples.

Why is it important to collect substrate controls during DNA evidence collection?

To ensure the accuracy of the evidence by accounting for contamination.

What was a major finding from the analysis of global Y-chromosome samples?

Five Y STRs could differentiate 15 populations.

What are the two key statistical parameters used in forensic DNA analysis?

Match probability (pM) and Power of Discrimination (Pd).

How can Y-STRs aid in paternity testing when the father is unavailable?

Other paternal relatives can be tested using Y STR markers.

In which cases is the Y-chromosome STR analysis particularly beneficial?

In interpreting mixtures from multiple rape cases or detecting male-specific profiles.

What is the primary concern regarding environmental contamination in microsatellite systems during PCR?

Contamination can arise from environmental factors, previous PCR processes, and cross-contamination between samples.