What is the unique feature of porphyrins that allows them to form complexes with metal ions?

Porphyrins can bind metal ions to the nitrogen atoms in the pyrrole rings.

Fill in the blank: The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin is called ______.

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase

True or False: Uroporphyrin is the least water-soluble porphyrin.

False. Uroporphyrin is the most water-soluble porphyrin, while protoporphyrin is the least.

What is the principal symptom of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)?

Abdominal pain

Riddle: I am a protein in red blood cells, carrying oxygen for all to see, my structure is a tetramer, what could I be?

Hemoglobin

Which molecule is known for stabilizing the T state of hemoglobin?

2,3 BPG

Fill in the blank: The main regulatory enzyme in heme synthesis in the liver is ______.

ALA synthase (ALAS-1)

True or False: Myoglobin exhibits cooperativity in oxygen binding.

False. Myoglobin does not display cooperativity in oxygen binding.

What are the two isoforms of ALA synthase and where are they distributed?

ALAS-I is distributed throughout the body; ALAS-II is specific to erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Which porphyrin is most associated with plant photosynthesis?

Magnesium porphyrins, such as chlorophyll.

Fill in the blank: The process that involves activating porphyrins with an argon laser to harm tumors is called ______.

Photodynamic therapy

True or False: Hemoglobin can bind to four oxygen molecules due to its tetrameric structure.

True.

What is the primary function of myoglobin?

To store and supply oxygen to muscle cells.

Riddle: I’m a pigment that gives bile its color, formed from heme breakdown; what am I?

Bilirubin

What is the effect of lead on ALA dehydratase?

Lead inhibits ALA dehydratase, leading to decreased porphyrin synthesis.

Fill in the blank: The enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of ALA to produce porphobilinogen is ______.

ALA dehydratase

True or False: Hemoglobin F (fetal hemoglobin) has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.

True.

What is the result of the mutation in sickle cell anemia?

A substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the β globin chain.

Riddle: I am formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin, and my levels can indicate liver function; what am I?

Bilirubin

Which enzyme catalyzes the final step in heme synthesis by incorporating iron into protoporphyrin?

Ferrochelatase

Fill in the blank: Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is also known as ______.

Gunther’s Disease

True or False: The Soret band is a characteristic absorption band of porphyrins around 500 nm.

False. The Soret band is around 400 nm.

What is the average bilirubin production in adults daily, in milligrams?

250 to 350 milligrams.

What is the primary cause of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)?

A defect in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase.

Fill in the blank: The enzyme responsible for converting uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III is called ______.

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

True or False: Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is characterized by blistering photosensitivity.

False. EPP is characterized by non-blistering photosensitivity.

What is the role of the distal histidine in hemoglobin?

To stabilize the binding of oxygen to the iron in the heme group.

Riddle: I’m a monomer in muscle, store my oxygen tight; I don’t cooperate in binding, but my affinity is quite right. What am I?

Myoglobin

What is the primary consequence of hemolytic anemia?

Increased destruction of red blood cells.

Fill in the blank: The enzyme ______ is responsible for the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) from succinyl-CoA and glycine.

ALA synthase