What are the three stages of memory as defined in the Stage Model?

The three stages of memory are Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.

Sensory memory has a large capacity but lasts for ___ seconds or less.

Less than one second.

True or False: Short-term memory (STM) can retain information for an extended period without rehearsal.

False. STM typically holds information for 30 seconds or less without rehearsal.

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory often involves ___ and ___ rehearsals.

Chunking and elaborative rehearsals.

Fill in the blank: Information in long-term memory (LTM) is primarily encoded ___ and can be challenging to retrieve.

Semantically.

What is the primary function of sensory memory?

To register incoming information as an exact replica of the stimulus for a very brief period.

True or False: According to the Stage Model, all information in long-term memory is easily accessible.

False. Information in long-term memory may be difficult to retrieve, leading to perceived forgetfulness.

What distinguishes short-term memory from long-term memory in terms of capacity and duration?

Short-term memory has a limited capacity and lasts for a short duration, typically 30 seconds or less, while long-term memory has a vast capacity and can store information indefinitely.

What does the levels of processing theory by Craik and Lockhart emphasize regarding information retention?

The levels of processing theory emphasizes that the depth at which information is perceived, analyzed, and understood affects its retention; deeper semantic processing leads to better long-term memory.

Fill in the blank: Memory produced at shallow and intermediate processing levels is likely to ____ quickly.

Decay

True or False: Rote memorization is more effective than deep processing for long-term memory retention.

False. Deep processing is more effective for long-term memory retention than rote memorization.

What is an example of deep processing when learning the word 'cat'?

Thinking of a cat as an animal with fur, four legs, a tail, and connecting that image to personal experiences.

Shallow processing involves analyzing ___ features of the information.

Physical or structural

Which processing level focuses on the sounds associated with letters?

Intermediate processing

B) Analyzing the meaning of information

What are the two main types of declarative memory?

Episodic memory, which pertains to personal experiences and specific events, and semantic memory, which relates to general knowledge and facts.

Fill in the blank: Procedural memory is associated with ___ and ___ tasks.

Practical and application-based

True or False: The rate of forgetting is constant over time according to Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve.

False. The rate of forgetting is highest in the first nine hours, especially within the first hour, and then it slows down.

What does the Trace Decay Theory propose about memory traces?

It suggests that memories form physical changes in the brain called memory traces, which decay and become inaccessible when not used over time.

Fill in the blank: Ebbinghaus's experiments focused on memorizing lists of ___ syllables.

Nonsense

What is the primary criticism of the Trace Decay Theory based on Ebbinghaus's findings?

Experiments showed that people who remain awake after learning forget more than those who sleep, contradicting the idea that decay is the sole reason for forgetting.

Multiple Choice: Which type of memory is primarily involved in performing tasks such as driving a car? A) Semantic Memory B) Procedural Memory C) Episodic Memory D) Declarative Memory

B) Procedural Memory

What are the two main reasons identified for forgetting information stored in long-term memory?

Insufficient memorization of the information and incorrect encoding of the information.

What is the primary reason for forgetting information according to the interference theory?

Forgetting occurs because different pieces of information interfere with each other during recall.

Proactive interference occurs when ___ interferes with ___ learning.

Earlier learning interferes with new learning.