Ocean water is influenced primarily by external forces such as the ___, ___, and winds.

Sun and moon

True or False: Waves represent the movement of water itself across the ocean.

False. Waves represent energy moving across the ocean, not the water itself.

As waves approach the beach, they slow down due to ___ with the sea floor.

Friction

What causes waves to break when they approach the shore?

Waves break when the water depth is less than half the wavelength.

Fill in the blank: The tallest waves depend on wind strength, how long the wind blows, and the ___ it affects.

Area

True or False: The largest waves typically occur in shallow coastal waters.

False. The largest waves occur in open oceans.

What is the primary factor that generates waves in the ocean?

Wind pushing against the water.

Fill in the blank: Water particles move in ___ as waves pass.

Small circles

Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of which celestial bodies?

The gravitational pull of the moon and, to a lesser extent, the sun.

Fill in the blank: The Bay of Fundy, known for having the highest tides in the world, experiences tidal bulges reaching ___ to ___ meters.

15 to 16 meters.

True or False: Tides occur at irregular intervals influenced by atmospheric conditions.

False. Tides occur regularly, typically twice a day, due to gravitational forces, while surges caused by weather factors happen irregularly.

What is the role of centrifugal force in the formation of tidal bulges?

Centrifugal force, along with gravitational pull, helps balance the effects of gravity, creating two main tidal bulges — one toward the moon and another on the opposite side of the Earth.

Fill in the blank: Tides can be harnessed for ___ power generation.

Electrical.

Explain how the shape of bays and estuaries can affect tidal strength.

The shape of bays and estuaries can enhance tidal strength, especially in funnel-shaped bays, where the narrowing of the waterway can amplify the tidal flow, leading to higher tidal currents.

Short answer: Why are tides important for navigation?

Tides are essential for safe navigation as they help vessels navigate shallow bars at harbor entrances, ensuring access to ports.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors is NOT a primary cause of tides? A) Gravitational pull of the moon B) Gravitational pull of the sun C) Wind patterns D) Centrifugal force

C) Wind patterns.

Ocean currents are primarily driven by ___ and ___ forces.

Wind and Coriolis force

True or False: Ocean currents move uniformly at all depths.

False. Ocean currents are generally stronger at the surface and slower at deeper levels.

Fill in the blank: The phenomenon that causes warm currents in the Northern Hemisphere to veer to the right is known as the ___ force.

Coriolis

What is the relationship between oceanic circulation and atmospheric circulation?

The oceanic circulation pattern mirrors the Earth's atmospheric circulation, indicating a close interaction between the two systems.

Fill in the blanks: Currents formed by cold water at the poles sinking and moving toward the equator are termed ___ currents.

Deep

The west coasts of continents in middle and higher latitudes are influenced by ___ waters, resulting in a distinct marine climate.

Cool

True or False: The interaction between warm and cold ocean currents does not affect the oxygen levels in the water.

False. The interaction helps replenish oxygen in the water.

Fill in the blank: Warm currents along the east coasts of continents in tropical and subtropical regions lead to ___ and ___ climates.

Warm and rainy

What climatic conditions are typically found on the west coasts of tropical and subtropical latitudes?

Cool temperatures with narrow daily and annual temperature ranges, often resulting in fog and arid conditions.