What is the primary morphological characteristic used to identify yeasts?

Yeasts are round to oval cells that reproduce by budding.

Which type of fungi is characterized by the production of zygospores and aseptate hyphae?

Zygomycota.

Name the dimorphic fungi that exist as molds at room temperature and as yeasts in the human body.

Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Penicillium marneffei, Sporothrix schenckii.

What is the causative agent of Tinea Versicolor?

Malassezia furfur.

Which laboratory examination shows a 'spaghetti and meatballs' appearance in Tinea Versicolor?

10% KOH mount.

Identify the fungus that causes Tinea Nigra.

Hortaea werneckii.

What type of dermatophytes specifically infect only humans?

Anthropophilic species.

Which test is positive for Trichophyton mentagrophytes?

Hair perforation test.

What is the preferred treatment duration for skin infections caused by dermatophytes?

1 to 2 weeks.

Which condition is characterized by painless black patches on the palms and soles?

Tinea Nigra.

What is mycetoma, and what are its two main types?

Mycetoma causes swelling and discharge.

• Chronic infection of the skin.

• Eumycetoma linked to fungi.

• Actinomycetoma caused by bacteria.

What is the predominant clinical manifestation of Histoplasmosis?

Pulmonary histoplasmosis.

Which fungus is responsible for Blastomycosis?

Blastomyces dermatitidis.

What is the main risk factor for Coccidioidomycosis?

Living in endemic areas such as Arizona, California, and New Mexico.

What is the preferred treatment for disseminated Candidiasis?

Amphotericin B.

Which fungus is known for causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals?

Candida species.

How does Cryptococcus neoformans cross the blood-brain barrier?

By moving through endothelial cells or being carried inside macrophages.

What is the main laboratory diagnostic method for Pneumocystis pneumonia?

Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) staining.

Which species of fungi is known for causing keratitis in contact lens wearers?

Fusarium.

What type of mycotoxicosis results from consuming food tainted with harmful fungal substances?

Mycotoxicosis.

Which laboratory culture shows mucoid, creamy-white yeast-like colonies for Cryptococcus neoformans?

Culturing on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA).

What is a significant risk factor for Zygomycosis?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

What does the term 'dimorphic fungi' refer to?

Fungi that can exist in both mold and yeast forms depending on environmental conditions.

Which organism is associated with Rhinosporidiosis?

Rhinosporidium seeberi.

What are sclerotic bodies associated with?

Chromoblastomycosis.

How is Candidiasis primarily diagnosed?

Through direct microscopy showing oval yeast cells and culture on SDA.

What distinguishes Aspergillus flavus from Aspergillus fumigatus in clinical presentations?

A. flavus is more frequently found in hospitals and causes more sinus and skin infections.

What is the drug of choice for treating Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-positive patients?

Cotrimoxazole, prescribed for 21 days.

What is a notable feature of the colonies produced by Penicillium marneffei at 37°C?

They produce yeast-like colonies.

Which of the following fungi is known to cause Tinea Versicolor?

Malassezia furfur