What is the primary mode of transmission for syphilis?

Sexual contact

Which stage of syphilis is characterized by the presence of a painless ulcer known as a chancre?

Primary syphilis

Secondary syphilis typically develops how many weeks after the primary lesion has healed?

4 to 8 weeks

What is a common complication of late or tertiary syphilis affecting the cardiovascular system?

Aneurysm of the ascending aorta

How is congenital syphilis primarily transmitted?

Through placental transmission during pregnancy

What type of lymphadenopathy is associated with secondary syphilis?

Generalized lymphadenopathy

Which laboratory method has a sensitivity of 100% for detecting Treponema pallidum?

Direct Fluorescent Antibody Staining for T. pallidum (DFA-TP)

What is the primary treatment for primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis?

A single dose of Penicillin G

Which serological test is used as an initial screening tool for syphilis?

VDRL test

Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing leptospirosis?

Microscopic agglutination test (MAT)

What are the typical symptoms of Weil's disease?

Hepato-renal-hemorrhagic syndrome

Which bacterium is responsible for relapsing fever due to antigenic variation?

Borrelia recurrentis

How does congenital syphilis typically manifest in infants?

Rhinitis, skin lesions, and hepatosplenomegaly

What is the primary characteristic of the primary chancre in syphilis?

A single painless ulcer that is firm and raised

What are the common serovars associated with Leptospira interrogans?

Icterohemorrhagiae, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa

Which type of tests are used to detect reagin antibodies in syphilis?

Nontreponemal tests

What is the incubation period for syphilis after exposure?

9 to 90 days

What is the recommended treatment for severe leptospirosis?

Penicillin

Which clinical feature is characteristic of secondary syphilis?

Presence of condylomata lata

What is the primary causative agent of Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

Which laboratory technique is used to maintain pathogenic treponemes?

Inoculation in rabbit testes

What is the sensitivity range of non-treponemal tests during the secondary stage of syphilis?

100%

What are Hutchinson's teeth associated with in congenital syphilis?

Notched central incisors

Which test is used to confirm syphilis if treponemal tests are positive?

Nontreponemal tests

What is the most common method for diagnosing leptospirosis in a clinical setting?

Serological tests

What condition can occur due to CNS involvement in tertiary syphilis?

Neurosyphilis

What additional diagnosis criteria can suggest congenital syphilis?

Positive IgM antibody test specific for syphilis

How is the VDRL test performed?

Mixing inactivated serum with VDRL antigen on a slide

What is the role of the Levaditi stain in syphilis diagnosis?

Used for tissue sections to visualize Treponema pallidum

What is a significant complication of untreated tertiary syphilis affecting the nervous system?

General paresis of the insane