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Forces as Vectors | Physics for Grade 10 PDF Download

Introduction

  • Forces are vector quantities as they are described by both magnitude and direction
    • The magnitude of a force is measured in Newtons
    • The direction of a force can be described as left, right, up, down or even using angles
      A free body diagram of an object with two forces acting on it
      A free body diagram of an object with two forces acting on it
  • The direction of a force can be imagined using a number line
    • Numbers to the left of zero are negative as are forces pointing left
    • Numbers to the right of zero are positive as are forces pointing right
      Vectors represented as positive or negative vectors depending on their direction
      Vectors represented as positive or negative vectors depending on their direction
  • Not all forces are directed perfectly horizontally or vertically and thus need to have an angle described
    • It is useful to describe an angle with respect to the vertical or the horizontal
      A force of magnitude 100 N directed 40° to the horizontal
      A force of magnitude 100 N directed 40° to the horizontal

Force Pairs

  • When there is an interaction between two objects, a force is exerted on each object
    • This is known as a force pair
  • Examples of these force pairs include:
    • The downwards force due to the weight of a laptop resting on a desk, the desk exerts a normal force back up on the laptop
    • The force exerted by a basketball player throwing a basketball is opposed by the reaction force of the basketball on the player
    • The tension force exerted along a cable to a suspended object is opposed by the force of the weight of the object
  • Force pairs can be represented by arrows in vector diagrams
    The force pairs present with respect to a rock being pushed by a person
    The force pairs present with respect to a rock being pushed by a person
  • The applied force that the person exerts on the rock is opposed by a reaction force from the rock
  • The weight of the rock on the ground is opposed by a normal force
  • The weight of the person is also opposed by a normal force
  • The force applied by the person driving their feet into the ground is opposed by friction
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