Fun Video: What are Monopolies? Video Lecture | SSC CGL Tier 2 - Study Material, Online Tests, Previous Year

Jacob: Welcome to Crash Course Economics,
my name is Jacob Clifford
Adriene: and I’m Adriene Hill. Today we’re
going to talk about monopolies! Which are
terrible, illegal, and only serve to exploit
helpless consumers, except when they’re
delivering essential services that competitive
free markets kind of fail to deliver.
Jacob: So, are monopolies are good? Or bad?
Or?
Adriene: Both.
[Theme Music]
Jacob: When some people hear the word “capitalist”
they picture the robber barons of the 19th century.
Cutthroat monopolists, like Andrew Carnegie,
JP Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller.
They dominated industries like oil, railroads, banking, & steel and would do anything to crush their competitors.
After all, in Rockefeller’s words “The growth of a
large business is merely a survival of the fittest.”
Now, it’s true that market economists love competition, but monopolies are the antithesis of competition.
In most cases, economists want to prevent monopolies, not celebrate them. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble:
Adriene: A pure monopoly is a market controlled
by one seller with a good or service that
has no close substitutes. But the true power
of a monopoly comes from its ability to keep
competitors out of the market. Monopolies
are able to erect obstacles that economists
call barriers to entry. If a company starts
offering a brand new product in a market with
low barriers, they won’t maintain market
power for very long.
Take gourmet food trucks. In the last decade,
gourmet cooks started moving into the street
food business, competing in a market historically
associated with lower-quality options like
hot dog vendors. These food trucks were a
hit. Demand was high and the barriers to entry
were relatively low, so more and more competitors
jumped in. Now food trucks are kind of everywhere.
And that’s exactly how capitalism is supposed to work. People wanted more street food options and profit-
seeking entrepreneurs gave them what they wanted. Incentives and competition made society better off.
But imagine a city where there are a limited
number of licenses for food trucks, and I
own all of them for my fleet of artisanal
macaroni and cheese trucks. I also know the
mayor, since he’s a big fan of artisanal
macaroni and cheese. If I can convince the
mayor to ban traditional push cart food vendors,
with their shwarma and their bacon-wrapped
hot dogs, I’ll have a monopoly on street
food.
I’m not increasing profit by producing more
stuff. I’ve influenced government regulations
in such a way that anyone who’s hungry,
but doesn’t want to enter a building, has
to buy food from me. This is sometimes called
crony capitalism, and it’s a big reason
many economists call for government transparency
and accountability.
Jacob: Thanks Thought Bubble. Companies don’t have to have a literal monopoly to exercise monopoly power.
When a single company has a huge market share
in its industry, like Google does in search,
they wield a lot of the same power that a
pure monopoly would.
Now, when few firms have a large majority
of market share, it’s called an oligopoly.
The market for mobile device operating systems is a good example with Google’s Android and Apple's iOS.
The point is that one company doesn’t need to have 100% market shares to operate like a monopoly.
In the example of the anti-food-truck ordinance,
the barrier to entry was government regulation,
but what some other ways companies maintain
large market shares?
Well, there’s also control of resources,
like DeBeers once had 90% of market share
in diamonds because they controlled the world’s
diamond mines.
Another barrier is high start up costs. You
may want to build a nuclear power plant to
compete with your power company but you need
a whole lot of money to get in the game.
Adriene: Monopolies can restrict output and
charge higher prices without worrying about
competitors. This is why most economists support
anti-trust laws that promote competition and
outlaw anticompetitive tactics.
They’re called antitrust laws because monopolies
used to be called “trusts”. In 1890, the
US passed the Sherman Act, named for Senator
John Sherman. Sherman argued, “If we will
not endure a king as a political power we
should not endure a king over the production,
transportation, and sale of any of the necessaries
of life.”
The Sherman Act outlaws any monopolization or attempted monopolization. Court rulings and later laws
gave the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission greater authority to prevent monopoles.
If the Coca Cola company wanted to purchase
PepsiCo, it’d be a tough regulatory sell.
In the US mergers and acquisitions need to
be approved by the government agencies.
Economists call the act of buying companies
that produce similar products horizontal integration.
Like, AT&T tried to buy T-Mobile, but failed
because regulators believed the new company
would control too big a share of the wireless
communications market.
Vertical integration, on the other hand, is when a company directly owns or controls its supply chain.
For example, in the 1920s, the
Ford Motor Company owned much of the entire
supply chain needed to make cars. It owned
iron and coal mines, and made its own steel,
glass, tires, and even paper in the massive
River Rouge factory complex in Michigan.
Vertical integration is complicated, and it’s
not always illegal. When a company just expands
its business to insource part of its supply chain,
that’s usually not subject to antitrust regulation.
Companies can run into some trouble when
they try to vertically integrate via mergers.
Antitrust regulations can also prevent companies
from making anticompetitive deals with their suppliers.
In the late 1990s, Microsoft was accused of
pressuring PC manufacturers to pre-install
Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer, and
exclude their main browser competitor, Netscape.
Regulators busted them, and almost
busted up the company.
Even Toys R Us! It’s gotten in trouble for
conspiring with toy suppliers, like Hasbro
and Mattel, to stop the manufacturers from
selling certain toys to other stores.
So monopolies and monpolistic behavior are
bad, right? Well, it turn out that sometimes
they’re useful. Look at patents. A patent
grants an inventor exclusive rights to profit
from a specific product or process.
In the US, it is actually written into the Constitution.
Patents and other intellectual property rights
encourage innovation. Pharmaceutical companies spend billions of dollars each year developing drugs,
and patents allow them to recover those research
and development costs and, ideally, earn profit.
A patent essentially guarantees their right
to be a monopoly, but not forever.
After a certain amount of time, usually about 20 years,
a patent expires, which lowers the barriers to entry.
Competition moves in, prices fall, and
companies look for something new to patent.
Intellectual property law and patents are really complex. And Stan, he’s actually done a whole series about 'em.
Jacob: Natural monopolies are special situations
where it is more cost effective to have one
large producer rather than several smaller
competing firms.
The best examples are public utilities in
markets such as electricity, water, natural
gas, and sewage. They may be privately owned
or publicly owned but either way, they remain
a monopoly because the government limits competition.
I mean, if there were three competing electric
power companies in one city, that would mean
building three different power plants, and running
three sets of power lines through the streets.
The result would be higher costs. So, in
this case, it would be cheaper to have one
electric company because they have economies
of scale. The monopoly can still raise prices
and abuse its position, so the government
often regulates prices and fees.
Now, of course there are debates over when
the government should interfere and which
markets justify natural monopolies.
Nike has about 90% market share in basketball
shoes, but it’s not a natural monopoly.
It’s a non-coercive monopoly. There are
plenty of other shoe manufacturers and people
aren’t forced to buy Nike shoes. So there’s
no reason for the government to get involved.
But that’s not always the case. Up to the
1970s AT&T was given natural monopoly status,
which gave it nearly complete control of the
telephone industry.
In 1974 an antitrust lawsuit was filed by
the Department of Justice, and the end result
was the largest corporate breakup in American
history. AT&T dissolved in seven regional
telephone companies, and other companies like
Sprint and MCI quickly jumped into the market.
This process called deregulation, and it’s happened in many markets from delivering mail to airlines.
Adriene: So let’s step back, here. Why are so worried about monopolies? Well, a lot of this has to do with pricing.
For one, monopolies can charge more for their products than they could if the market was competitive.
They can also engage in a practice called
price discrimination. Price discrimination
is the practice of charging different consumers
different prices for exactly the same product.
In fact the earliest regulation of railroads came about because they were engaged in price discrimination.
They charged different rates
to haul freight. This gave an advantage to
companies that shipped more freight and helped
to force smaller producers out of business,
creating even more monopoly power in the economy.
But price discrimination isn’t just for
monopolies, and it’s not always illegal.
To pull off price discrimination, a business
needs to be able to segregate the market
based on consumers’ willingness to pay.
The airline industry does this using time: charging
those that book early less than those that book late.
A price-sensitive student might only be able to pay $200 so she books a seat weeks or months in advance.
A time-sensitive businesswoman that
needs to be at a board meeting tomorrow,
might be willing to pay $800 for that
same type of seat on the same flight.
The point is, charging a single price wouldn’t
generate as much profit as charging different prices.
Price discrimination happens more
often than you might think.
Discounts based on age or
occupation are good examples.
Price discrimination works best when firms
have a large share of market power.
If there were hundreds of airlines it is unlikely that any one of them could price discriminate without losing customers.
Like a lot of things we look at here at Crash
Course, monopolies and pricing are complicated.
Generally, competition is a good thing. Except when it isn’t. Thanks for watching. We’ll see you next week.
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Thanks so much for letting us monopolize your
time for the last ten minutes or so.