Functions (Part - 2), C Programming Interview Questions | Placement Papers - Technical & HR Questions - Interview Preparation PDF Download

5. Should a function contain a return statement if it does not return a value?

In C, void functions (those that do not return a value to the calling function) are not required to include a return statement. Therefore, it is not necessary to include a return statement in your functions declared as being void.

In some cases, your function might trigger some critical error, and an immediate exit from the function might be necessary. In this case, it is perfectly acceptable to use a return statement to bypass the rest of the function's code. However, keep in mind that it is not considered good programming practice to litter your functions with return statements-generally, you should keep your function's exit point as focused and clean as possible.

6. How can you pass an array to a function by value?

An array can be passed to a function by value by declaring in the called function the array name with square brackets ([ and ]) attached to the end. When calling the function, simply pass the address of the array (that is, the array's name) to the called function. For instance, the following program passes the array x[] to the function named byval_func() by value:

#include <stdio.h>
void byval_func(int[]);       /* the byval_func() function is passed an
                                 integer array by value */
void main(void);
void main(void)
{
     int x[10];
     int y;
     /* Set up the integer array. */
     for (y=0; y<10; y++)
          x[y] = y;
     /* Call byval_func(), passing the x array by value. */
     byval_func(x);
}
/* The byval_function receives an integer array by value. */
void byval_func(int i[])
{
     int y;
     /* Print the contents of the integer array. */
     for (y=0; y<10; y++)
          printf("%d\n", i[y]);
}

In this example program, an integer array named x is defined and initialized with 10 values. The functionbyval_func() is declared as follows:

int byval_func(int[]);

The int[] parameter tells the compiler that the byval_func() function will take one argumentsn array of integers. When the byval_func() function is called, you pass the address of the array to byval_func():byval_func(x);

Because the array is being passed by value, an exact copy of the array is made and placed on the stack. The called function then receives this copy of the array and can print it. Because the array passed to byval_func() is a copy of the original array, modifying the array within the byval_func() function has no effect on the original array.

Passing arrays of any kind to functions can be very costly in several ways. First, this approach is very inefficient because an entire copy of the array must be made and placed on the stack. This takes up valuable program time, and your program execution time is degraded. Second, because a copy of the array is made, more memory (stack) space is required. Third, copying the array requires more code generated by the compiler, so your program is larger.

Instead of passing arrays to functions by value, you should consider passing arrays to functions by reference: this means including a pointer to the original array. When you use this method, no copy of the array is made. Your programs are therefore smaller and more efficient, and they take up less stack space. To pass an array by reference, you simply declare in the called function prototype a pointer to the data type you are holding in the array.

Consider the following program, which passes the same array (x) to a function:

#include <stdio.h>
void const_func(const int*);
void main(void);
void main(void)
{
     int x[10];
     int y;
     /* Set up the integer array. */
     for (y=0; y<10; y++)
          x[y] = y;
     /* Call const_func(), passing the x array by reference. */
     const_func(x);
}
/* The const_function receives an integer array by reference.
   Notice that the pointer is declared as const, which renders
   it unmodifiable by the const_func() function. */
void const_func(const int* i)
{
     int y;
     /* Print the contents of the integer array. */
     for (y=0; y<10; y++)
          printf("%d\n", *(i+y));
}

In the preceding example program, an integer array named x is defined and initialized with 10 values. Thefunction const_func() is declared as follows:

int const_func(const int*);

The const int* parameter tells the compiler that the const_func() function will take one arguments constant pointer to an integer. When the const_func() function is called, you pass the address of the array to const_func():

const_func(x);

Because the array is being passed by reference, no copy of the array is made and placed on the stack. The called function receives simply a constant pointer to an integer. The called function must be coded to be smart enough to know that what it is really receiving is a constant pointer to an array of integers. The const modifier is used to prevent the const_func() from accidentally modifying any elements of the original array.

The only possible drawback to this alternative method of passing arrays is that the called function must be coded correctly to access the array it is not readily apparent by the const_func() function prototype or definition that it is being passed a reference to an array of integers. You will find, however, that this method is much quicker and more efficient, and it is recommended when speed is of utmost importance.

7. Is it possible to execute code even after the program exits the main() function?

The standard C library provides a function named atexit() that can be used to perform "cleanup" operations when your program terminates. You can set up a set of functions you want to perform automatically when your program exits by passing function pointers to the atexit() function. Here's an example of a program that uses the atexit() function:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void close_files(void);
void print_registration_message(void);
int main(int, char**);
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
     ...
     atexit(print_registration_message);
     atexit(close_files);
     while (rec_count < max_records)
     {
          process_one_record();
     }
     exit(0);
}

This example program uses the atexit() function to signify that the close_files() function and theprint_registration_message() function need to be called automatically when the program exits. When themain() function ends, these two functions will be called to close the files and print the registration message. There are two things that should be noted regarding the atexit() function. First, the functions you specify to execute at program termination must be declared as void functions that take no parameters. Second, the functions you designate with the atexit() function are stacked in the order in which they are called withatexit(), and therefore they are executed in a last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. Keep this information in mind when using the atexit() function. In the preceding example, the atexit() function is stacked as shown here:

atexit(print_registration_message);

atexit(close_files);

Because the LIFO method is used, the close_files() function will be called first, and then theprint_registration_message() function will be called.

The atexit() function can come in handy when you want to ensure that certain functions (such as closing your program's data files) are performed before your program terminates.

8. What does a function declared as PASCAL do differently?

A C function declared as PASCAL uses a different calling convention than a "regular" C function. Normally, C function parameters are passed right to left; with the PASCAL calling convention, the parameters are passed left to right.

Consider the following function, which is declared normally in a C program:

int regular_func(int, char*, long);

Using the standard C calling convention, the parameters are pushed on the stack from right to left. This means that when the regular_func() function is called in C, the stack will contain the following parameters:

long

char*

int

The function calling regular_func() is responsible for restoring the stack when regular_func() returns.

When the PASCAL calling convention is being used, the parameters are pushed on the stack from left to right.

Consider the following function, which is declared as using the PASCAL calling convention:

int PASCAL pascal_func(int, char*, long);

When the function pascal_func() is called in C, the stack will contain the following parameters:

int

char*

long

The function being called is responsible for restoring the stack pointer. Why does this matter? Is there any benefit to using PASCAL functions?

Functions that use the PASCAL calling convention are more efficient than regular C functions the function calls tend to be slightly faster. Microsoft Windows is an example of an operating environment that uses the PASCAL calling convention. The Windows SDK (Software Development Kit) contains hundreds of functions declared as PASCAL.

When Windows was first designed and written in the late 1980s, using the PASCAL modifier tended to make a noticeable difference in program execution speed. In today's world of fast machinery, the PASCAL modifier is much less of a catalyst when it comes to the speed of your programs. In fact, Microsoft has abandoned the PASCAL calling convention style for the Windows NT operating system.

In your world of programming, if milliseconds make a big difference in your programs, you might want to use the PASCAL modifier when declaring your functions. Most of the time, however, the difference in speed is hardly noticeable, and you would do just fine to use C's regular calling convention.

 

9. Is using exit() the same as using return?

No. The exit() function is used to exit your program and return control to the operating system. The return statement is used to return from a function and return control to the calling function. If you issue a return from the main() function, you are essentially returning control to the calling function, which is the operating system. In this case, the return statement and exit() function are similar. Here is an example of a program that uses the exit() function and return statement:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int, char**);
int do_processing(void);
int do_something_daring();
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
     int ret_code;
     if (argc < 3)
     {
          printf("Wrong number of arguments used!\n");
          /* return 1 to the operating system */
          exit(1);
     }
     ret_code = do_processing();
     ...
     /* return 0 to the operating system */
     exit(0);
}
int do_processing(void)
{
     int rc;
     rc = do_something_daring();
     if (rc == ERROR)
     {
          printf("Something fishy is going on around here..."\n);
          /* return rc to the operating system */
          exit(rc);
     }
     /* return 0 to the calling function */
     return 0;
}

In the main() function, the program is exited if the argument count (argc) is less than 3. The statementexit(1); tells the program to exit and return the number 1 to the operating system. The operating system can then decide what to do based on the return value of the program. For instance, many DOS batch files check the environment variable named ERRORLEVEL for the return value of executable programs.