Globalization | AP World History - Grade 9 PDF Download

International Terrorism and War

• Terrorism is the use of violence or threats to create fear and achieve political goals.
• It can be manifested in various forms, such as suicide bombings, kidnappings, or cyber attacks.
• Terrorist groups often operate across borders and target civilians.

Impact of Terrorism

• Terrorism can destabilize regions and economies, leading to widespread fear and insecurity.
• It can provoke military responses and impact international relations.

Globalization and Terrorism

• Globalization has facilitated the spread of extremist ideologies and the movement of terrorist networks.
• Terrorist groups utilize technology and global connections to coordinate attacks.

Examples of International Terrorism

• The 9/11 attacks in the United States orchestrated by Al-Qaeda.
• ISIS's reign of terror in Syria and Iraq, utilizing social media for recruitment.

• After World War II: Focus on International Security

  • Post World War II, there emerged a heightened emphasis on global security.
  • Organizations such as NATO, the United Nations, and the International Criminal Court in The Hague, which prosecutes war crimes, were established.
  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) like Amnesty International and Doctors Without Borders were formed to offer international assistance to those in need.

• War in the Gulf

  • In 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait with the aim of gaining control over its oil reserves.
  • The United Nations intervened by sending forces to expel the Iraqi troops in early 1991, marking the onset of the Persian Gulf War.
  • Kuwait was liberated by the UN, and severe restrictions were imposed on Iraq's military and economic capabilities.
  • In 2003, a coalition led by the US and Britain invaded Iraq to remove Hussein from power.
  • Hussein was captured in December 2003, and a democratic government was established in 2005.
  • Despite ongoing conflicts and acts of terrorism among Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish factions, Jalal Talabani, a Kurdish president, and Nouri al-Maliki, a Shia minister, were elected.
  • Challenges persisted in the region even after their election.

• Taliban, Al Qaeda, and Osama bin Laden

  • In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union deployed troops to Afghanistan at the request of Marxist military leader Nur Muhammad Taraki.
  • Afghan resistance to communism led to intense fighting until the Soviets withdrew, creating a power vacuum.
  • The Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, emerged after years of conflict and provided shelter to Osama bin Laden.
  • Osama bin Laden, the leader of the international terrorist network Al Qaeda, harbored anti-US sentiments.
  • Al Qaeda orchestrated the infamous 9/11 attacks in 2001, resulting in the deaths of approximately 3000 individuals.
  • The US responded by declaring a "war on terrorism," leading to the invasion of Afghanistan to dismantle the Taliban and eliminate bin Laden.
  • While bin Laden was killed, Al Qaeda continues to pose a threat, with numerous terrorist incidents linked to Islamic fundamentalists happening in Europe and the Middle East.

Overview of Iraq's History

• Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait
• Events of the Persian Gulf War
• Aftermath and Consequences

Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait

• Iraq, under Saddam Hussein's leadership, invaded Kuwait in 1990 with the aim of gaining control over oil reserves.

Events of the Persian Gulf War

• In response, the United Nations intervened by sending forces to expel Iraqi troops in early 1991, which led to the Persian Gulf War.

Aftermath and Consequences

• The UN liberated Kuwait and imposed strict limitations on Iraq's military and economic activities. Despite these measures, Saddam Hussein remained in power for another decade.
• In 2003, a coalition primarily led by the US and Britain invaded Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein from power. He was captured in December 2003, paving the way for the establishment of a democratic government in 2005.
• Following the conflicts among Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish groups, Jalal Talabani, a Kurdish president, and Nouri al-Maliki, a Shia minister, were democratically elected. However, they encountered numerous challenges in governing the country.

Taliban, Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden

• In the early 1980s, the Soviets deployed troops to Afghanistan at the behest of Marxist military leader Nur Muhammad Taraki. Afghanis resisted communism and fought back until the Soviets eventually withdrew, creating a power vacuum.
• Following the Soviet withdrawal, various factions competed to seize power. The Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, emerged victorious after 14 years of conflict.
• The Taliban provided sanctuary to Osama bin Laden, the Saudi leader of the global terrorist organization Al Qaeda, which harbored strong anti-US sentiments.
• The US, due to its support for Israel, military presence in Saudi Arabia, and role in perceived cultural globalization, drew the ire of Al Qaeda.
• On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda perpetrated a devastating attack on the US by hijacking and crashing four planes, resulting in the deaths of nearly 3000 individuals.
• The US promptly declared a war on terrorism, leading to the invasion of Afghanistan. This military action ousted the Taliban from power and culminated in the death of Osama bin Laden, although Al Qaeda continues to endure.
• Despite these developments, instances of terrorist attacks associated with Islamic fundamentalism persist in regions across Europe and the Middle East.

Additional Information

• The Taliban regime imposed strict Islamic laws in the areas under its control, severely restricting women's rights and enforcing harsh penalties.
• Al Qaeda's ideology is rooted in Salafi jihadism, advocating for the establishment of a global caliphate governed by strict Islamic law.
• Osama bin Laden's radicalization was influenced by his experiences in the Afghan-Soviet conflict and his interactions with various extremist groups.
• The aftermath of the 9/11 attacks prompted significant changes in US national security policies, including the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security.

The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and Rise of Terrorism

• In the early 1980s, the Soviets deployed troops to Afghanistan at the behest of Marxist military leader Nur Muhammad Taraki.
• Afghans resisted communism and engaged in conflict until the Soviet withdrawal, creating a power vacuum that various factions sought to exploit.
• Following 14 years of conflict, the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, emerged to seize control.
• The Taliban regime offered sanctuary to Osama bin Laden, the Saudi leader of the extremist network Al Qaeda, who harbored strong animosity towards the United States.
• Al Qaeda, under bin Laden's leadership, orchestrated the devastating September 11, 2001 attacks on the U.S., resulting in the deaths of approximately 3000 individuals.

Nur Muhammad Taraki

Nur Muhammad Taraki was a Marxist military leader who invited Soviet troops into Afghanistan during the early 1980s.

Afghan Resistance and Power Vacuum

Afghans opposed Soviet communism and engaged in prolonged conflict, leading to the withdrawal of Soviet forces and a subsequent struggle for power.

The Emergence of the Taliban

After years of fighting, the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, assumed control in Afghanistan.

Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda

Osama bin Laden, head of the extremist network Al Qaeda, found refuge in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, launching attacks including the infamous 9/11 tragedy.

Impact on the United States and Global Terrorism

• The U.S., known for its support of Israel and military presence in Saudi Arabia, became a prime target for Al Qaeda's anti-Western sentiments.
• Following the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. declared a war on terrorism, leading to the removal of the Taliban from power and the death of Osama bin Laden, yet Al Qaeda's influence persisted.
• Terrorist activities linked to Islamic fundamentalism continue to pose threats across Europe and the Middle East.

Global Terrorism

• Supports Israel
• Had troops stationed in Saudi Arabia
• Primary agent of globalization affecting Islamic culture

September 11, 2001 Attacks

• On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda orchestrated attacks on the US, hijacking and crashing planes into significant targets, resulting in the loss of 3000 lives.
• This event led to the US declaring a war on terrorism and subsequently invading Afghanistan, resulting in the removal of the Taliban from power and the death of Osama bin Laden.
• However, Al Qaeda continues to exist despite these actions.

Current Global Scenario

• Several terror incidents associated with Islamic fundamentalists persist in regions like Europe and the Middle East.

World Trade and Cultural Exchange

• World trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries to satisfy the needs of consumers and businesses worldwide.
• Cultural exchange refers to the sharing of ideas, beliefs, customs, and practices among different societies.

Importance of World Trade

• Enhances economic growth: By promoting trade, countries can boost their economies through increased production and consumption.
• Promotes global cooperation: Trade fosters relationships between nations, leading to diplomatic ties and collaborations on various issues.

Role of Cultural Exchange

• Fosters mutual understanding: Cultural exchange helps people from diverse backgrounds appreciate and respect each other's traditions and values.
• Promotes tolerance: By exposing individuals to different cultures, it encourages acceptance and empathy for others.

Examples of World Trade and Cultural Exchange

• Importing spices from India to Europe in the 15th century led to the Columbian Exchange, which significantly impacted global agriculture and cuisine.
• The Silk Road facilitated trade between Asia and Europe, enabling the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.

Global Connectivity and Economic Integration

• The conclusion of the Cold War and the rise of the Internet and technology ushered in a new era of enhanced global connectivity, marking a significant milestone towards genuine worldwide interaction.
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU) were established to further unify global currency and trade, promoting economic integration on a larger scale.
• English emerged as the predominant language for international business and communication, facilitating smoother interactions across borders.
• The European Union consolidated Europe into a single market in the 1990s, introducing three branches of governance - executive, legislative, and judicial. Additionally, the Eurozone, a monetary union formed in 1999, encompassed all European nations except for the UK, Sweden, and Denmark.

Global Cultures and Influences

• Global culture has been significantly shaped by various phenomena, including events like the Olympics and the World Cup, music genres such as Reggae, Bollywood films, the influence of social media platforms, and the ubiquitous presence of fast-food chains like McDonald's.

Rise of China and India

• China has emerged as a formidable economic and industrial powerhouse in recent times, establishing special economic zones that operate outside traditional communist regulations and have evolved into major global production hubs worth billions of dollars. Despite its economic success, China restricts internet freedom and maintains a conservative political system.
• India, once considered a struggling economy, has experienced rapid growth since the 1990s. Highly educated Indians have played a pivotal role in bringing technological innovations from Silicon Valley to India, transforming the country into a prominent global technology hub. Both China and India have become nuclear powers with substantial military capabilities, although they face ongoing challenges related to poverty and environmental issues.

Global Economic Organizations

• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), later restructured into the World Trade Organization (WTO), was established to diminish barriers to international trade, boasting 153 member states.
• The Group of Six (G6), initially comprising the major industrialized democracies of the US, Britain, West Germany, Italy, Japan, and France, expanded to the G7 in 1977 with Canada's inclusion and further to the G8 in 1997 with Russia's participation. However, it reverted to the G7 following Russia's involvement in Ukraine. The G20, comprised of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors from 20 nations, operates separately.

Impact of Economic Crisis

• Economies faced challenges during the late 2000s economic crisis. While robust economies like Germany remained stable, those that were over-extended suffered severe collapses.

Global Influence of Pop Culture

• Pop culture has a global reach, with examples such as:
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  • The Olympics
  • World Cup Soccer
  • Reggae Music
  • Bollywood
  • Social Media
  • McDonald's

Rise of China and India

• China and India have emerged as significant global players in recent decades.
• China's economic growth has been remarkable, establishing special economic zones that have evolved into major global production centers, valued in billions of dollars.
• However, China's political landscape is still characterized by restrictions on internet freedom and an aging political system.
• India, once economically challenged, has transformed into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.
• Highly educated Indians have played a pivotal role in bringing technological advancements from Silicon Valley to India, establishing it as a prominent tech hub globally.
• Both China and India have attained nuclear capabilities and maintain substantial military forces.
• Despite their progress, both countries grapple with significant issues such as poverty and environmental concerns, including high global emissions.

Understanding Global Powers

• Both countries have evolved into nuclear powers with significant military capabilities. However, they continue to grapple with issues related to poverty and environmental concerns.

Global Economic Organizations

• General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) evolved into the World Trade Organization (WTO) with a primary aim of diminishing barriers to international trade. The WTO boasts a membership of 153 nations.

International Forums

• Group of Six (G6) initially comprised the United States, Britain, West Germany, Italy, Japan, and France, acting as a platform for major industrialized democracies.
• G6 transformed into G7 in 1977 with the inclusion of Canada and expanded to G8 in 1997 by adding Russia. However, due to geopolitical events like Russia's involvement in Ukraine, it reverted to G7.
• The G20 operates separately, consisting of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors from diverse economies.

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GAFF)

• Group of Six (G6): A forum initially comprised of major industrialized democracies including the US, Britain, West Germany, Italy, Japan, and France. It evolved into G7 in 1977 with the addition of Canada and further expanded to G8 in 1997 by including Russia. However, it reverted to G7 following Russia's participation in the Ukraine conflict. Not to be confused with G20, which consists of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors.

Group of Six (G6) Details

• Became G7 in 1977 after Canada joined and later transformed into G8 in 1997 when Russia became a member. Subsequently returned to G7 status due to Russia's actions in Ukraine.

G7

• G7 is distinct from G20, comprising 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors.

G20

No specific additional information provided.

Environmental Change

Environmental Change refers to alterations in the environment due to natural processes or human activities. These changes can have wide-ranging impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate.

Global Environmental Concerns

• Global integration has led to widespread environmental issues globally.
• The Green Revolution of the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the destruction of traditional landscapes, a decrease in species diversity, and social conflicts arising from the need to produce affordable food.
• Global warming is escalating due to human activities, with industrialized nations failing to sufficiently curb their environmental impact. The future consequences of this trend remain uncertain.

Global Health Crises

• Epidemics persist in nations with inadequate sanitation, posing a significant challenge. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) are actively engaged in combating these health crises.
• AIDS represents a major global health crisis, particularly affecting 25% of African adults. The cost of treatment adds to the complexity of managing this issue.
• Global health challenges underscore the disparities across the world, disproportionately impacting individuals with lower incomes.

Age of the Computer

• The era of personal computing emerged in the 1980s, ushering in the Internet era.
• By the 1990s, computers became ubiquitous in households.
• Social media transformed information dissemination and fostered closer human connections.
• The Internet, while facilitating communication, raised concerns over government surveillance and data privacy breaches.