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Classification of Animals

  • Cellular level of organisation: In sponges, the cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates, i.e., they exhibit cellular level of organisation.
  • Tissue level of organisation: In coelenterates, the arrangement of cells is more complex. Here the cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues, hence is called tissue level of organisation.
  • Organ level organisation: Tissues are grouped together to form organs, each specialised for a particular function. e.g., platyhelminthes.
  • Organ system level: organs are associated to form functional systems e.g., Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates.
  • Open type circulatory system: Blood pumped out through heart. Not confined to blood vessels. Cells and tissues are directly bathed in it.
  • Closed type circulatory system: Blood is circulated through blood vessels (arteries,veins and
  • capillaries)
  • Asymmetrical: Sponges are mostly asymmetrical, i.e., any plane that passes through the centre does not divide them into equal halves.
  • Radial Symmetry: When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry.
  • Bilateral Symmetry: Animals like annelids, arthropods, etc., where the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane, exhibit bilateral symmetry.
  • Diploblastic animals: Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm, are called diploblastic animals, e.g., coelenterates.
  • Triploblastic animals: Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between the ectoderm and endoderm, are called triploblastic animals.
  • Coelom & Coelomates: The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates.
  • Pseudocoelom & Pseudocoelomates: In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates, e.g., aschelminthes
  • Acoelomates: The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates, e.g., platyhelminthes.
  • Metamerism: In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. For example, in earthworm, the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.
  • Sea walnuts or comb jellies: Ctenophores, commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.
  • Bioluminescence: Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores.
  • Flame cells: Specialised cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
  • Malpighian Tubules: Arthropoda Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules.
  • Water Vascular System: The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system which helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration.
  • Radula: In mollusca, the mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding, called radula.
  • Poikilotherms: An organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioural means such as basking or burrowing.
  • Parapodia: Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming.
  • Homoiothermous: They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, i.eThey are able to maintain a constant body temperature.
  • Mammary glands: The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands) by which the young ones are nourished.
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1. What is the Animal Kingdom?
Ans. The Animal Kingdom, also known as the kingdom Animalia, is a major group of living organisms that includes various types of animals. It is one of the five kingdoms of classification in the biological classification system. Animals in this kingdom are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that have specialized tissues and organ systems. They are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain their nutrients by consuming other organisms.
2. What is the classification system for animals?
Ans. The classification system for animals is based on the Linnaean taxonomy, which categorizes organisms into a hierarchical structure. The system includes several levels of classification, such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Animals are classified based on their physical characteristics, genetic relationships, and evolutionary history. This system helps scientists organize and study the vast diversity of animal species.
3. How many phyla are there in the Animal Kingdom?
Ans. There are approximately 36 recognized phyla in the Animal Kingdom. Phyla are subdivisions within the kingdom that group animals based on shared characteristics. Some well-known phyla include Chordata (which includes vertebrates like mammals, birds, and fish), Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans), Mollusca (snails, clams, octopuses), and Porifera (sponges). Each phylum represents a distinct evolutionary lineage with unique traits.
4. What is the importance of classifying animals?
Ans. Classifying animals is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps scientists understand the evolutionary relationships between different species and their shared characteristics. It allows for the organization and study of the vast diversity of animal life on Earth. Classification also aids in identifying and naming new species, which is crucial for conservation efforts and understanding biodiversity. Additionally, it provides a framework for communication and reference, allowing researchers to easily locate and compare information about different animal groups.
5. How are animals classified within a phylum?
Ans. Within a phylum, animals are further classified into classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This classification is based on specific characteristics and traits shared by different groups of animals. For example, within the phylum Chordata, animals are classified into classes such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. The classification becomes more specific as it moves down the hierarchy, allowing for a more detailed understanding of the relationships between different animal groups.
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