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History of Atom & Its Structure Video Lecture | Physics for JAMB

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1. What is the history of the atom?

Ans. The concept of the atom has a long history that dates back to ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Indians. In the 5th century BC, the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms. However, it was not until the late 18th and early 19th centuries that significant advancements were made in understanding the atom's structure through the work of scientists like John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr.

2. How did John Dalton contribute to the understanding of the atom's structure?

Ans. John Dalton, an English scientist, is known for his contributions to the development of modern atomic theory. In the early 19th century, Dalton proposed that atoms are indivisible and indestructible particles that combine in specific ratios to form compounds. He also suggested that atoms of different elements have different masses and properties. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for further research on the atom's structure.

3. What did J.J. Thomson discover about the atom's structure?

Ans. J.J. Thomson, a British physicist, is credited with the discovery of the electron, a subatomic particle with a negative charge. In 1897, he conducted the cathode ray tube experiment, which involved passing an electric current through a gas-filled tube. Thomson observed that the cathode rays were deflected towards the positive end of the tube, leading him to propose the existence of negatively charged particles within the atom. This discovery challenged the idea of the atom as indivisible and introduced the concept of subatomic particles.

4. How did Ernest Rutherford contribute to the understanding of the atom's structure?

Ans. Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand-born physicist, made significant contributions to the understanding of the atom's structure. In 1911, he conducted the famous gold foil experiment, in which he bombarded a thin sheet of gold with alpha particles. Rutherford observed that while most particles passed through the foil, some were deflected at large angles, and a few even bounced straight back. Based on these observations, he proposed that atoms have a tiny, dense, and positively charged nucleus at the center, with electrons orbiting around it. This model is known as the Rutherford model or the nuclear model of the atom.

5. What is the Bohr model of the atom?

Ans. The Bohr model of the atom, proposed by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1913, is based on the concept of energy levels or shells within the atom. Bohr suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels, and each level corresponds to a fixed amount of energy. Electrons can transition between these energy levels by either absorbing or emitting energy in the form of photons. The Bohr model successfully explained the spectral lines observed in hydrogen and provided a framework for understanding atomic structure, although it was later replaced by more advanced models such as the quantum mechanical model.

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