Rice: Grows best in warm, humid areas; it covers 23 per cent of total cropped area. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Punjab grow rice. Productivity of rice is highest in Punjab.
Wheat: Ranking after rice in terms of both area (nearly 1/10th of total cropped area) and production, it is grown mainly in the great plains during cool season.
Jowar: This crop requires moderate rainfall of 30-100 cm and high temperature 20° to 32°C. Excessive moisture and prolonged droughts are harmful.
Bajra: Used as staple food; plant stalks are fed to cattle or used for thatching purposes. It is grown under warm and dry climatic conditions.
Maize: Introduced in India in the 17th century from America, it is an important food crop and also fodder for the cattle.
Some Equal Value Lines | |
1. ISOPLETH | Line indicating an uniform value of phenomenon or product |
2. ISONOMAL | Any line representating continuous value on Maps. |
3. ISOBARS | Lines of equal pressure. |
4. ISOBATHS | Lines of equal depth in the sea. |
5. ISOBRONTS | Lines joining the places experiencing a thunderstorm at the same time. |
6. ISOCHRONES | Lines joining places located at equal travel time from a common centre. |
7. ISOGONOLS | Lines joining places in the sea having same salinity. |
8. ISOHALINES | Lines joining places in the sea having same salinity. |
9. ISOHELS | Lines joining places with equal duration of sunshine. |
10.ISOHYETS | Lines joining places with equal rainfall. |
11. ISOHYPES | Lines joining places with equal elevation above sea level. |
12. ISONIF | Lines joining places having equal amount of snowfall. |
13. ISOPHENE | Lines joining places having same seasonal phenomenon. |
14. ISORYMES | Lines joining places with equal amount of frost. |
15. ISOSEISMALS | Lines joining places with equal amounts of seismic activity. |
16.ISONEPHS | Lines on a map joining places having equal average cloudiness over a certain period. |
1 7 . ISOTHERM | Line on a map joining places that have the same temperature. |
18.ISANOMALOUS | Line on a map joining places having equal departures from normal in some meteorological element. |
19. ISALLABAR | Line drawn on weather chart through places at which the same change of pressure has taken place. |
20.ISOSTACY | Principle according to which the variation in the height of the earth's surface are compensated for by the underlying distribution of Mass and hence are in a state of balance. |
Barley: An important crop grown in wheat producing areas in poor soil and low rainfall. Major producers are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Madhya Pradesh.
Sugarcane: India has the world’s largest area under sugar-cane. This is a long maturing crop sown usually between February and April.
Cotton: Cotton fibre is obtained from the fruit balls of the plant. India ranks second after U.S.A. in areas under cotton.
Ranges |
| Altitude |
1. Siwaliks
| Jammu-Jammu Hills | Average height varies from 600m to 1500m
|
Arunachal pradesh-Dafla, | ||
Miri and Mishmi Hills, | ||
Nepal-Dhang Range | ||
2. Himachal
| Pir Panjal Range | Average height 4000m
|
Dhauladhar Range | ||
3. Himadri
| J&K-Zanskar Range, | Peak-Everest, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat, Makalu
|
above 6100m, |
Jute: Jute fibre is obtained from the stalk or stem of the plant. Jute needs a warm humid climate.
Tobacco: Introduced in India by the Portuguese in 1508, major producers of the plant now are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Tea: India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of black tea.
Coffee: The coffee plant needs protection from the direct sun rays. Normally cultivated 900-1800 metres above sea level, coffee cultivation is mainly confined to the three southern states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Deep Sea Trenches | |
Name | Deepest point |
Mariana Tench (West Pacific) | Challenger Deep |
Tonga-Kermadec Trench (South Pacific) | Vityaz 11 (Tonga) |
Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (West Pacific) | ___ |
Philippine Trench (West Pacific) | Galathea Deep |
Idzu-Bonin Trench (Sometimes included in the Japan Trench) | ____ |
New Hebrides Trench (South Pacific) North Trench Solomon or New |
|
Britain Trench (South Pacific) |
|
Puerto Rico Trench (West Atlantic) | Milwaukee Deep
|
Yap Trench (West Pacific) | |
Japan Trench (West Pacific) | |
South Sandwich Trench (South Atlantic) | Meteor Deep |
Aleutian Trench (North Pacific) | ____ |
Peru-Chile (Atacama) Trench (East Pacific) | Bartholomew Deep
|
Palau Trench (sometimes included in the Yap Trench) |
Coconut: India has the third largest area under coconut in the world after Philippines and Indonesia.
Rubber: Rubber requires high temperatures of around 35°C and more than 200 cm of rainfall.
Spices: There are a variety of spices in India.
Tribal Groups | |
There are more than 50 tribal groups in India. Mostof the tribes belong basically to the Negrito, Australoid and Mongoloid racial stock. Important tribal groups: | |
Abors | Arunachal Pradesh |
Aptanis | Arunachal Pradesh |
Badagas | Nilgiri (TN) |
Baiga | Madhya Pradesh |
Bhils | Madhya Pradesh and Rajsthan some in Gujarat and Maharashtra |
Bhot | Himachal Pradesh |
Bhotias | Garhwal and Kumaon regions of U.P. |
Chakma | Tripura |
Chenchus | Andhra Pradesh, Orissa |
Gaddis | Himachal Pradesh |
Garos | Meghalaya |
Gonds | Madhya Pradesh. Also in Bihar, Orissa and A.P. |
Gujjars | Himachal Pradesh |
Jarawas | Little Andamans |
Khas | Jaunsar-Babar area in U.P. |
Khasis | Assam, Meghalaya |
Khonds | Orissa |
Kol | Madhya Pradesh |
Kotas | Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu) |
Kuke | Manipur |
Lepchas | Sikkim |
Lushais | Mizoram |
Murias | Bastar (Madhya Pradesh) |
Mikirs | Assam |
Mundas | Bihar, Orissa, W.B. |
Nagas (Angami, Sema, Ao, Tangkul, Lahora) Oarons (also called Kurukh); Bihar, Orissa, W.B.
| Nagaland; some in Assam and NEFA region. |
Onges | Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
Santhals | Birbhum region in Bengal, Hazari bagh, |
Purnea in Bihar, Orissa Sentinelese | Sentinel Island, Andaman and Nicobar |
Shompens | Andaman and Nicobar |
Todas | Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu) |
Urails | Kerala |
Warlis | Maharashtra |
Tribes in India | |
State | Tribes |
1. Orissa | Ganjam, Khond, Bondo, Juang, Saora, Kharia, Bhuiya, Baijga, Chenchu. |
2. Kerala | Kadar, Pallan Izhara, Urali |
3. Andhra Pradesh | Chechu, Jatap, Koya, Saver |
4. Tamil Nadu | Kota, Badaga |
5. Sikkim | Lecha |
6. Madhya Pradesh | Kamar, Badga, Toda, Bhil, Muria, Baiga, Birhar, Cole |
7. Rajasthan | Ghantali, Bhil, Meena |
8. Punjab | Sansi |
9. Bihar | Ho, Kharia, Kolham, Munda, Santhal, Oraon, Santa, Bagdi |
10.Arunachal Pradesh | Apatami |
11.Himachal Pradesh | Gaddi |
12. Mizoram | Hmar |
13. Assam | Mikir, Kuki, Naga, Garo, Khasi Jainia, Abhor, Karbi, Bodo |
14. West Bengal | Mech, Bhutia, Chakma, Lodha, Santhal, Lecha. |
15. Nagaland | Naga |
16. Karnataka | Idga |
17. Meghalaya | Jaintia, Khasi, Garo |
18. Andaman and | Oung, Shopen, Andmani, Jarwah, Nicrobari, Sentinelli Nicobar |
19. Tripura | Lushai, Kuki |
20. Maharashtra | Warli, Oraon |
21. Manipur | Matei, Kuki, Angami Naga, Lushai. |