JEE Exam  >  JEE Notes  >  Chemistry for JEE Main & Advanced  >  Important Formulas: Structure Isomerism

Important Structure Isomerism Formulas for JEE and NEET

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


Functional
Groups
C–C
(Alkane)
C=C / C ?C
C=C / C ?C
C ?C
C ?C
R–C ?CH
(Terminal
alkyne)
(R–OH)
ROH
3°
 2°
 1°
Reagent
conc. H
2
SO
4
conc. NaOH
KMnO
4
LiAlH
4
[Bayer’s reagent]
alk. dil. cold KMNO
4
Br
2
 / H
2
O
O
3
(ozone)
        O
3
(a) Cuprous
chloride+NH
4
OH
(b) AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH
Na
Lucas Reagent
[Conc. HCl +
anhyd. ZnCl
2
]
  Observation
NR
NR
NR
NR
Pink colour disappears
Red colour decolourises
=O Compounds
Acid formed.
Red ppt.
White ppt.
Bubbles of H
2 
come out
(3)° Cloudiness appears
immidiately
(2°) Cloudiness appears
within 5 min.
(1°) Cloudiness appear
after 30 min.
Reaction
--------------
CH
2
=CH
2
+H
2
O+O
Br
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
white ppt
H
2
C=CH
2
 + O
3
  2HCHO
R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH
R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red)
R–C ?CH + Ag
+
R–C ?C Ag ? (white)
2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H
2
?
R–OH + HCl  + H
2
O
       cloudiness
Remarks
Inert paraffins
Hydroxylation
Bromination
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis
Presence
of active ‘H’
Lucas Test
I.  ter.alcohol
II. sec. alcohol
III. pri.alcohol
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
Page 2


Functional
Groups
C–C
(Alkane)
C=C / C ?C
C=C / C ?C
C ?C
C ?C
R–C ?CH
(Terminal
alkyne)
(R–OH)
ROH
3°
 2°
 1°
Reagent
conc. H
2
SO
4
conc. NaOH
KMnO
4
LiAlH
4
[Bayer’s reagent]
alk. dil. cold KMNO
4
Br
2
 / H
2
O
O
3
(ozone)
        O
3
(a) Cuprous
chloride+NH
4
OH
(b) AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH
Na
Lucas Reagent
[Conc. HCl +
anhyd. ZnCl
2
]
  Observation
NR
NR
NR
NR
Pink colour disappears
Red colour decolourises
=O Compounds
Acid formed.
Red ppt.
White ppt.
Bubbles of H
2 
come out
(3)° Cloudiness appears
immidiately
(2°) Cloudiness appears
within 5 min.
(1°) Cloudiness appear
after 30 min.
Reaction
--------------
CH
2
=CH
2
+H
2
O+O
Br
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
white ppt
H
2
C=CH
2
 + O
3
  2HCHO
R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH
R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red)
R–C ?CH + Ag
+
R–C ?C Ag ? (white)
2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H
2
?
R–OH + HCl  + H
2
O
       cloudiness
Remarks
Inert paraffins
Hydroxylation
Bromination
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis
Presence
of active ‘H’
Lucas Test
I.  ter.alcohol
II. sec. alcohol
III. pri.alcohol
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
  Observation
Coloured ppt.
(violet, blue, green buff)
Yellow orange ppt.
Red ppt.
Black ppt. or silver mirror
Pink colour resume
Yellow ppt of CHI
3
(iodoform)
Litmus change to red.
Effervescence evolve.
Pink colour
? ? ? ? ?
disappear on heating.
Smell of NH
3
Reaction
 + H
2
N·NH
N·NH ?(yellow orange ppt.)
RCHO + Cu
+2
  ? RCOOH + Cu
2
O ? + 2H
2
O
Fehling sol
n
.       Red
RCHO + Ag
+
 ? RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror)
H
2
O + CO
2
?
RCOOR’ + NaOH + Phenophthalein
                             (pink)
RCOOH  + R’ OH  (Colourless solution)
RCONH
2
 + NaOH  RCOONa + NH
3
?
Remarks
Test of
enols/phenols
DNP-test
Fehling’s test
Tollen’s test
Iodoform
reaction
Litmus test.
Sodium
bicarbonate test
 Schiff’s reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with SO
2
 so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO.
Functional
Groups
Ar–OH
Enols
   
   R–CHO
 R–COCH
3
or ArCOCH
3
or CH
3
CHO
  Ester
Amides
Reagent
FeCl
3
 (Neutral)
2, 4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine
(2, 4-DNP) solution
Fehling solution
 A & B
Tollen’s reagent
Schiff’s Reagent *
 I
2
 / NaOH
 Blue litmus
Conc. NaHCO
3
solution
NaOH,
phenophthalein
Conc. NaOH, ?
Page 3


Functional
Groups
C–C
(Alkane)
C=C / C ?C
C=C / C ?C
C ?C
C ?C
R–C ?CH
(Terminal
alkyne)
(R–OH)
ROH
3°
 2°
 1°
Reagent
conc. H
2
SO
4
conc. NaOH
KMnO
4
LiAlH
4
[Bayer’s reagent]
alk. dil. cold KMNO
4
Br
2
 / H
2
O
O
3
(ozone)
        O
3
(a) Cuprous
chloride+NH
4
OH
(b) AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH
Na
Lucas Reagent
[Conc. HCl +
anhyd. ZnCl
2
]
  Observation
NR
NR
NR
NR
Pink colour disappears
Red colour decolourises
=O Compounds
Acid formed.
Red ppt.
White ppt.
Bubbles of H
2 
come out
(3)° Cloudiness appears
immidiately
(2°) Cloudiness appears
within 5 min.
(1°) Cloudiness appear
after 30 min.
Reaction
--------------
CH
2
=CH
2
+H
2
O+O
Br
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
white ppt
H
2
C=CH
2
 + O
3
  2HCHO
R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH
R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red)
R–C ?CH + Ag
+
R–C ?C Ag ? (white)
2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H
2
?
R–OH + HCl  + H
2
O
       cloudiness
Remarks
Inert paraffins
Hydroxylation
Bromination
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis
Presence
of active ‘H’
Lucas Test
I.  ter.alcohol
II. sec. alcohol
III. pri.alcohol
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
  Observation
Coloured ppt.
(violet, blue, green buff)
Yellow orange ppt.
Red ppt.
Black ppt. or silver mirror
Pink colour resume
Yellow ppt of CHI
3
(iodoform)
Litmus change to red.
Effervescence evolve.
Pink colour
? ? ? ? ?
disappear on heating.
Smell of NH
3
Reaction
 + H
2
N·NH
N·NH ?(yellow orange ppt.)
RCHO + Cu
+2
  ? RCOOH + Cu
2
O ? + 2H
2
O
Fehling sol
n
.       Red
RCHO + Ag
+
 ? RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror)
H
2
O + CO
2
?
RCOOR’ + NaOH + Phenophthalein
                             (pink)
RCOOH  + R’ OH  (Colourless solution)
RCONH
2
 + NaOH  RCOONa + NH
3
?
Remarks
Test of
enols/phenols
DNP-test
Fehling’s test
Tollen’s test
Iodoform
reaction
Litmus test.
Sodium
bicarbonate test
 Schiff’s reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with SO
2
 so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO.
Functional
Groups
Ar–OH
Enols
   
   R–CHO
 R–COCH
3
or ArCOCH
3
or CH
3
CHO
  Ester
Amides
Reagent
FeCl
3
 (Neutral)
2, 4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine
(2, 4-DNP) solution
Fehling solution
 A & B
Tollen’s reagent
Schiff’s Reagent *
 I
2
 / NaOH
 Blue litmus
Conc. NaHCO
3
solution
NaOH,
phenophthalein
Conc. NaOH, ?
Remarks
Carbylamine
Reaction
Azo dye test
Ninhydrin test
 Functional
 Groups
Nitro
Compounds
(RCH
2
NO
2
)
or ArNO
2
Amines(pri.)
RNH
2
Ar. amines.
ArNH
2
R
2
NH
Sec. Amines
Carbohydrate
Amino acids
Reagent
Mulliken’s test
CHCl
3
, KOH
HNO
2
 (NaNO
2
+HCl)
HNO
2
 (NaNO
2
+HCl)
+ ?-Naphthol
(i) NaNO
2
 + H
2
SO
4
(ii) Phenol
Molisch’s reagent
(10% ?-naphthol
in alcohol).
Ninhydrin reagent
(0.2 % sol.
n
)
Reaction
ArNHOH Ag ?
RNH
2 
+ CHCl
3
 + 3KOH ? RNC + 3KCl + 3H
2
O
RNH
2
 + HONO ? ROH + N
2
 + H
2
O
NaNO
2
 + HCl ? NaCl + HNO
2
+ HNO
2
             + 2H
2
O
NH
2
.HCl N
2
Cl
N=N-Cl +
OH OH
N=N
orange-red dye
Benzenediazonium
chloride
?–Naphthol
+ H
2
N.CHR.COOH
(Amino acid)
CO
CO
C
OH
OH
(Ninhydrin)
CO
CO
(Blue colour)
CO
C=N – C
C
OH
+ RCHO + H
2
O + CO
2
  Observation
black ppt
Nauseating odour
(Offensive smell)
(Carbylamine)
Effervescence of N
2
Orange red dye
is formed
red colouration
Liebermann test
Violet colour
Blue colour
Read More
353 videos|596 docs|272 tests

Up next

FAQs on Important Structure Isomerism Formulas for JEE and NEET

1. What is structure isomerism in chemistry?
Structure isomerism refers to a type of isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms within the molecule. This means that the atoms are bonded together in different ways, resulting in different structural formulas. These isomers may have different physical and chemical properties.
2. How does structure isomerism occur?
Structure isomerism occurs when there are different possible ways to arrange the atoms within a molecule while maintaining the same molecular formula. This can happen due to the presence of functional groups, such as double bonds, rings, or different branching patterns in carbon chains. These variations in the arrangement of atoms lead to the formation of different isomers.
3. What are the different types of structure isomerism?
There are several types of structure isomerism, including: - Chain Isomerism: Isomers that differ in the arrangement of carbon chains. - Position Isomerism: Isomers that differ in the position of a functional group on the carbon chain. - Functional Group Isomerism: Isomers that differ in the functional group present in the molecule. - Ring Isomerism: Isomers that differ in the arrangement of atoms to form rings. - Tautomeric Isomerism: Isomers that differ in the position of a hydrogen atom and a double bond.
4. How does structure isomerism affect the properties of compounds?
Structure isomerism can have a significant impact on the properties of compounds. Different structural arrangements can result in variations in physical properties, such as boiling and melting points, solubility, and density. Additionally, structural isomers may exhibit different chemical reactivity, leading to variations in their reactions with other substances.
5. Can you provide an example of structure isomerism?
One example of structure isomerism is exhibited by the compounds butane and isobutane. Both compounds have the molecular formula C4H10 but differ in their structural arrangement. Butane has a linear carbon chain, while isobutane has a branched carbon chain. This difference in structure leads to different physical and chemical properties between the two isomers.
353 videos|596 docs|272 tests
Download as PDF

Up next

Explore Courses for JEE exam
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

Important Structure Isomerism Formulas for JEE and NEET

,

Free

,

Viva Questions

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

ppt

,

MCQs

,

mock tests for examination

,

past year papers

,

Objective type Questions

,

Exam

,

Important Structure Isomerism Formulas for JEE and NEET

,

video lectures

,

Sample Paper

,

practice quizzes

,

Semester Notes

,

Important questions

,

Important Structure Isomerism Formulas for JEE and NEET

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

Extra Questions

,

Summary

,

study material

,

pdf

;