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Page 1 Functional Groups C–C (Alkane) C=C / C ?C C=C / C ?C C ?C C ?C R–C ?CH (Terminal alkyne) (R–OH) ROH 3° 2° 1° Reagent conc. H 2 SO 4 conc. NaOH KMnO 4 LiAlH 4 [Bayer’s reagent] alk. dil. cold KMNO 4 Br 2 / H 2 O O 3 (ozone) O 3 (a) Cuprous chloride+NH 4 OH (b) AgNO 3 +NH 4 OH Na Lucas Reagent [Conc. HCl + anhyd. ZnCl 2 ] Observation NR NR NR NR Pink colour disappears Red colour decolourises =O Compounds Acid formed. Red ppt. White ppt. Bubbles of H 2 come out (3)° Cloudiness appears immidiately (2°) Cloudiness appears within 5 min. (1°) Cloudiness appear after 30 min. Reaction -------------- CH 2 =CH 2 +H 2 O+O Br 2 +CH 2 =CH 2 white ppt H 2 C=CH 2 + O 3 2HCHO R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red) R–C ?CH + Ag + R–C ?C Ag ? (white) 2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H 2 ? R–OH + HCl + H 2 O cloudiness Remarks Inert paraffins Hydroxylation Bromination Ozonolysis Ozonolysis Presence of active ‘H’ Lucas Test I. ter.alcohol II. sec. alcohol III. pri.alcohol Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests Page 2 Functional Groups C–C (Alkane) C=C / C ?C C=C / C ?C C ?C C ?C R–C ?CH (Terminal alkyne) (R–OH) ROH 3° 2° 1° Reagent conc. H 2 SO 4 conc. NaOH KMnO 4 LiAlH 4 [Bayer’s reagent] alk. dil. cold KMNO 4 Br 2 / H 2 O O 3 (ozone) O 3 (a) Cuprous chloride+NH 4 OH (b) AgNO 3 +NH 4 OH Na Lucas Reagent [Conc. HCl + anhyd. ZnCl 2 ] Observation NR NR NR NR Pink colour disappears Red colour decolourises =O Compounds Acid formed. Red ppt. White ppt. Bubbles of H 2 come out (3)° Cloudiness appears immidiately (2°) Cloudiness appears within 5 min. (1°) Cloudiness appear after 30 min. Reaction -------------- CH 2 =CH 2 +H 2 O+O Br 2 +CH 2 =CH 2 white ppt H 2 C=CH 2 + O 3 2HCHO R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red) R–C ?CH + Ag + R–C ?C Ag ? (white) 2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H 2 ? R–OH + HCl + H 2 O cloudiness Remarks Inert paraffins Hydroxylation Bromination Ozonolysis Ozonolysis Presence of active ‘H’ Lucas Test I. ter.alcohol II. sec. alcohol III. pri.alcohol Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests Observation Coloured ppt. (violet, blue, green buff) Yellow orange ppt. Red ppt. Black ppt. or silver mirror Pink colour resume Yellow ppt of CHI 3 (iodoform) Litmus change to red. Effervescence evolve. Pink colour ? ? ? ? ? disappear on heating. Smell of NH 3 Reaction + H 2 N·NH N·NH ?(yellow orange ppt.) RCHO + Cu +2 ? RCOOH + Cu 2 O ? + 2H 2 O Fehling sol n . Red RCHO + Ag + ? RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror) H 2 O + CO 2 ? RCOOR’ + NaOH + Phenophthalein (pink) RCOOH + R’ OH (Colourless solution) RCONH 2 + NaOH RCOONa + NH 3 ? Remarks Test of enols/phenols DNP-test Fehling’s test Tollen’s test Iodoform reaction Litmus test. Sodium bicarbonate test Schiff’s reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with SO 2 so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO. Functional Groups Ar–OH Enols R–CHO R–COCH 3 or ArCOCH 3 or CH 3 CHO Ester Amides Reagent FeCl 3 (Neutral) 2, 4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2, 4-DNP) solution Fehling solution A & B Tollen’s reagent Schiff’s Reagent * I 2 / NaOH Blue litmus Conc. NaHCO 3 solution NaOH, phenophthalein Conc. NaOH, ? Page 3 Functional Groups C–C (Alkane) C=C / C ?C C=C / C ?C C ?C C ?C R–C ?CH (Terminal alkyne) (R–OH) ROH 3° 2° 1° Reagent conc. H 2 SO 4 conc. NaOH KMnO 4 LiAlH 4 [Bayer’s reagent] alk. dil. cold KMNO 4 Br 2 / H 2 O O 3 (ozone) O 3 (a) Cuprous chloride+NH 4 OH (b) AgNO 3 +NH 4 OH Na Lucas Reagent [Conc. HCl + anhyd. ZnCl 2 ] Observation NR NR NR NR Pink colour disappears Red colour decolourises =O Compounds Acid formed. Red ppt. White ppt. Bubbles of H 2 come out (3)° Cloudiness appears immidiately (2°) Cloudiness appears within 5 min. (1°) Cloudiness appear after 30 min. Reaction -------------- CH 2 =CH 2 +H 2 O+O Br 2 +CH 2 =CH 2 white ppt H 2 C=CH 2 + O 3 2HCHO R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red) R–C ?CH + Ag + R–C ?C Ag ? (white) 2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H 2 ? R–OH + HCl + H 2 O cloudiness Remarks Inert paraffins Hydroxylation Bromination Ozonolysis Ozonolysis Presence of active ‘H’ Lucas Test I. ter.alcohol II. sec. alcohol III. pri.alcohol Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests Observation Coloured ppt. (violet, blue, green buff) Yellow orange ppt. Red ppt. Black ppt. or silver mirror Pink colour resume Yellow ppt of CHI 3 (iodoform) Litmus change to red. Effervescence evolve. Pink colour ? ? ? ? ? disappear on heating. Smell of NH 3 Reaction + H 2 N·NH N·NH ?(yellow orange ppt.) RCHO + Cu +2 ? RCOOH + Cu 2 O ? + 2H 2 O Fehling sol n . Red RCHO + Ag + ? RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror) H 2 O + CO 2 ? RCOOR’ + NaOH + Phenophthalein (pink) RCOOH + R’ OH (Colourless solution) RCONH 2 + NaOH RCOONa + NH 3 ? Remarks Test of enols/phenols DNP-test Fehling’s test Tollen’s test Iodoform reaction Litmus test. Sodium bicarbonate test Schiff’s reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with SO 2 so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO. Functional Groups Ar–OH Enols R–CHO R–COCH 3 or ArCOCH 3 or CH 3 CHO Ester Amides Reagent FeCl 3 (Neutral) 2, 4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2, 4-DNP) solution Fehling solution A & B Tollen’s reagent Schiff’s Reagent * I 2 / NaOH Blue litmus Conc. NaHCO 3 solution NaOH, phenophthalein Conc. NaOH, ? Remarks Carbylamine Reaction Azo dye test Ninhydrin test Functional Groups Nitro Compounds (RCH 2 NO 2 ) or ArNO 2 Amines(pri.) RNH 2 Ar. amines. ArNH 2 R 2 NH Sec. Amines Carbohydrate Amino acids Reagent Mulliken’s test CHCl 3 , KOH HNO 2 (NaNO 2 +HCl) HNO 2 (NaNO 2 +HCl) + ?-Naphthol (i) NaNO 2 + H 2 SO 4 (ii) Phenol Molisch’s reagent (10% ?-naphthol in alcohol). Ninhydrin reagent (0.2 % sol. n ) Reaction ArNHOH Ag ? RNH 2 + CHCl 3 + 3KOH ? RNC + 3KCl + 3H 2 O RNH 2 + HONO ? ROH + N 2 + H 2 O NaNO 2 + HCl ? NaCl + HNO 2 + HNO 2 + 2H 2 O NH 2 .HCl N 2 Cl N=N-Cl + OH OH N=N orange-red dye Benzenediazonium chloride ?–Naphthol + H 2 N.CHR.COOH (Amino acid) CO CO C OH OH (Ninhydrin) CO CO (Blue colour) CO C=N – C C OH + RCHO + H 2 O + CO 2 Observation black ppt Nauseating odour (Offensive smell) (Carbylamine) Effervescence of N 2 Orange red dye is formed red colouration Liebermann test Violet colour Blue colourRead More
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1. What is structure isomerism in chemistry? |
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