Introduction to Counters Video Lecture | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

in this class we are going to discuss
about counters as the name indicates
this counter is going to use as a
digital counter it's going to count the
number of pulses so here you can see
some interesting points about counters
so see the points here counter is a
digital device used to count number of
pulses and it also be used as frequency
divider so I will discuss this frequency
division in later so counter generally
used it for counting purpose so which
count it will takes means it will take
number of pulses which pulses means
whatever clock pulses we are giving so
it will take that counter so for each
state processing we are taking one clock
pulse one clock cycle so that pulses
it's going to count so now counter kept
counting two ways so for example it may
count from 0 to n that means 0 1 2 up to
n that is called as up count or it may
con in downward direction also that
means it will starts from an its keep on
decreasing like any n minus 1 and n
minus 2 like that and 1 and 0 like this
so where we are using this up content
down count so for example if you design
the up counter in next classes we are
going to design up counter and down
counter so where we are using this
counters I will give you a simple
example of up counter where we are using
this up counter means simply and see you
know electronic voting machines or
anything like that or if you went to any
shopping mall you can now see software
or anything there itself so there you
need to add you need to add extra to the
already happen price you need to add
extra thing or in events for example in
voting machines for example one vote is
already there for example another person
came and they
entered four same party that what is
needed to add for that so that is up
counting zero one two three like that
that is the application one of the
application of up counter so coming to
down counters where we are down counting
so the exact application of down
counters we can see in a space related
applications when if you see any missile
are rocket launching there we are going
to see this down counting they will
starts from a point and they are going
to down that count
and when zero is that they will start
launching so like this we are going to
use this up counter and down counter in
the real-time applications and in next
classes we are going to design the sub
counter and down counter and coming to
present the count of the counter for
example counter that may be a up counter
or down counter presently it whatever
the value is in present count is there
that will defines the state of the
counter that means for example anyone
came to you and asked you about what is
the state of counter state of counter is
nothing but present the current value of
the counter whatever the present counter
value is that that is nothing but state
of the counter so next coming to curve
design generally counter is the
integration of flip-flops similar to
shift register as we saw in last classes
also we saw so many shift register so it
this is also in that manner all only
that means it's a bunch of flip-flops
it's a interconnection of flip-flops so
counter contains set of flip-flops for
example if you want to assemble a n bit
counter if you want to count n bits so
you require n flip-flops that means how
many number of counting you require so
for example
if you need 4-bit counter then you
require for flip-flop five bit counter
requires 5v props like them so you
require you require yen flip-flops to
design in bit counter and if you take in
any N bit counter to counter n bits it
needs to pass through to power M
straights that means ami and the counter
contains 2 power n States how many
states how many cones it will have means
2 power n states it may have so for
example if you take in any two-bit
counter so the number of states states
may be 2 square that means it need needs
to pass through four states for example
any three bit counter if you take in for
that so 2 cube states will be there that
means eight states will be there so if
anyone asking you what is the state
frequency what is the each state
frequency of a counter frequency why
they are asking that frequency so why
they are asking this frequency means in
a particular state
how much duration how much duration the
counter is going to be in that means for
example its count counting number of
pulses that means like this it's
counting for each state one pulse so for
example how much it duration it is
having with with which frequency it is
going that means so that can be defined
by using this formula each state
frequency is equivalent to so total
frequency of the counter divided by
number of states so here the number of
states are 2 power n for n bit come -
this is the formula for n bit counter
for example if you have only two bit
counter then you can take total
frequency by so for for example if you
have three bit counter the equation
changes like total frequency divided by
eight like that so if they are asked for
any
each state frequency what is the state
Raquin see of that counter they're
asking for each state about frequency
how frequent that states exist then you
need to go for this formula so this is
about short introduction about counters
and now counters are classified
according to clock clock cycle so here
we are giving clock pulses as input to
the counter in previous also as we are
using flip-flops we need to do clock
pulses so according to the clock pulse
given so these counters are classified
into two types that two types are
asynchronous counters and synchronous
counters so this classification is under
clock pulse so that means representing
it's taking the reference of clock pulse
that's it for example if you are having
any similar clock pulse in each and
every flip-flop in your counter for
example your counter is having four
flip-flops each flip-flop is connected
with similar clock pulse so then this is
called a synchronous clock pulse for
example each flip-flop is connected with
different period or different clock
pulse then that is called as a
synchronous counter so we are having so
many asynchronous counters and we are
having some important synchronous
counters so that design also we will see
in the next classes so this is support
small introduction of counter counter
we'll just count number of pulses we are
taking so next it is use it as frequency
divider also and it will divides total
frequency within each and every state so
now counter can count in upward
direction or downward direction and
present the count of the counter is
nothing but state of the counter and
counter contains set of flip-flops for
example if we n bit counter is there it
requires n flip-flops and to power n
States
if you want to each state frequency then
you can go for this formula that is
total frequency divided by number of
states which will gives you the each
state frequency of that counter so
according to the clock pulse these are
classified into asynchronous and
synchronous asynchronous means so
different clock pulse for each flip-flop
synchronous means same clock pulse for
each glyph flops