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Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE PDF Download

Q.174. A light wave falls normally on the surface of glass coated with a layer of transparent substance. Neglecting secondary reflections, demonstrate that the amplitudes of light waves reflected from the two surfaces of such a laver will be equal under the condi- tion Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE where n' and n are the refractive indices of the layer and the glass respectively.

Ans. Suppose the incident light can be decomposed into waves with intensity Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE with oscillations of the electric vectors parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence.

For normal incidence we have from Fresnel equations

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Similarly Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Then the refracted wave will be

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

At the interface with glass

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

we see that

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

This shows that the light reflected as a fraction of the incident light is the same on the two surfaces if  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Note:- The statement of the problem given in the book is incorrect. Actual amplitudes are not equal; only the reflectance is equal.

 

Q.175. A beam of natural light falls on the surface of glass at an angle of 45°. Using the Fresnel equations, find the degree of polarization of
 (a) reflected light;
 (b) refracted light.

Ans. Here 

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Hence

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

(1) Degree of polarization P of the reflected lightIrodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

(b) By conservation of energy

ThusIrodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.176. Using Huygens's principle, construct the wavefronts and the propagation directions of the ordinary and extraordinary rays in a positive uniaxial crystal whose optical axis
 (a) is perpendicular to the incidence plane and parallel to the surface of the crystal;
 (b) lies in the incidence plane and is parallel to the surface of the crystal;

  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

(c) lies in the incidence plane at an angle of 45° to the surface of the crystal, and light falls at right angles to the optical axis.

Ans. The wave surface of a uniaxial crystal consists of two sheets of which one is a sphere while the other is an ellipsoid of revolution.

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The optic axis is the line joining the points of contact.
To makes the appropriate Huyghen’s construction we must draw the relevant section of the wave surface inside the crystal and determine the directions of the ordinary and extraordinary rays. The result is as shown in Fig. 42 (a, b & c) of the answers

 

Q.177. A narrow beam of natural light with wavelength λ = 589 nm falls normally on the surface of a Wollaston polarizing prism made of Iceland spar as shown in Fig. 5.32. The optical axes of the two parts of the prism are mutually perpendicular. Find the angle 8 between the directions of the beams behind the prism if the angle 0 is equal to 30°.

Ans. In a uniaxial crystal, an unpolarized beam of light (or even a polarized one) splits up into O (for ordinary) and E (for extraordinary) light waves. The direction of vibration in the O and E waves are most easily specified in terms of the O and E principal planes. The principal plane of the ordinary wave is defined as the plane containing the O ray and the optic axis. Similarly the principal plane of the E wave is the plane containing the E ray and the optic axis.
In terms of these planes the following is true : The O vibrations are perpendicular to the principal plane of the O ray while the E vibrations are in the principal plane of the E ray.

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

When we apply this definition to the wollaston prism we find the following :

When unpolarized light enters from the left the O and E waves travel in the same direction but with different speeds. The O ray on the left has its vibrations normal to the plane of the paper and it becomes E ray on crossing the diagonal boundary of the two prism similarly the E ray on the left becomes O ray on the right In this case Snell’s law is applicable only approximately. The two rays are incident on the boundary at an angle θ and in the right prism the ray which we have called O ray on the right emerges at

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Similarly the E ray on the right emerges within the prism at

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

This means that the O ray is incident at the boundary between the prism and air at

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The E ray will emeige with an opposite deviation of

Hence Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

This result is accurate to first order in  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEbecause S nell’s law holds when Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.178. What kind of polarization has a plane electromagnetic wave if the projections of the vector E on the x and y axes are perpendicular to the propagation direction and are defined by the following equations:

  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Ans. The wave is moving in the direction of z - axis

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

so the of the electric vector m oves along a circle. For the right handed coordinate system this represents circular anticlockwise polarization when observed towards the incoming wave

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

This is clearly an ellipse. By comparing with the previous case (compare the phase of Ey in the two cases) we see this represents elliptical clockwise polarization when viewed towards the incoming wave.
We write the equations as

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Since  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEthe major axis is in the direction of the straight line y = x.

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.179. One has to manufacture a quartz plate cut parallel to its optical axis and not exceeding 0.50 mm in thickness. Find the maximum thickness of the plate allowing plane-polarized light with wavelength λ = 589 nm
 (a) to experience only rotation of polarization plane;
 (b) to acquire circular polarization after passing through that plate.

Ans.

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

In a quartz plate cut parallel to its optic axis, plane polarized light incident normally from the left divides itself into O and E waves which move in the same direction with different speeds and as a result acquire a phase difference. This phase difference is

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

where d = thickness of the plate. In general this makes the emergent light elliptically polarized.

(a) For emergent light to experience only rotation of polarization plane

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The maximum value of (2k+1) for which this is  

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

(b) For circular polarization Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

modulo Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

so Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Now Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The nearest integer less than this which is of the form Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE For this d = 0.4749 mm
 

Q.180. A quartz plate cut parallel to the optical axis is placed between two crossed Nicol prisms. The angle between the principal directions of the Nicol prisms and the plate is equal to 45°. The thickness of the plate is d = 0.50 mm. At what wavelengths in the interval from 0.50 to 0.60 μm is the intensity of light which passed through that system independent of rotation of the rear prism? The difference of refractive indices for ordinary and extraordinary rays in that wavelength interval is assumed to be Δn = 0.0090.

Ans. As in the previous problem the quartz plate introduces a phase difference δ between the O & E components. When Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE the resultant wave is circularly polarized.
In this case intensity is independent of the rotation of the rear prism. Now

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE The relevant values of δ have to be chosen in the form

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

These are the values of δ which lie between 0.50μm and 0.60μm .

 

Q.181. White natural light falls on a system of two crossed Nicol prisms having between them a quartz plate 1.50 mm thick, cut parallel to the optical axis. The axis of the plate forms an angle of 45° with the principal directions of the Nicol prisms. The light transmitted through that system was split into the spectrum. How many dark fringes will be observed in the wavelength interval from 0.55 to 0.66 μm? The difference of refractive indices for ordinary and extraordinary rays in that wavelength interval is assumed to be equal to 0.0090.

Ans. As in the previous two problems the quartz plate will introduce a phase difference δ. The light on passing through the plate will remain plane polarized only forIrodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE  the latter case the plane of polarization of the light incident on the plate will be rotated by 90° by it so light passing through the analyser (which was originally crossed) will be a maximum. Thus dark bands will be observed only for those λ for which

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.182. A crystalline plate cut parallel to its optical axis is 0.25 mm thick and serves as a quarter-wave plate for a wavelength λ = 530 nm. At what other wavelengths of visible spectrum will it also serve as a quarter-wave plate? The difference of refractive indices for extraordinary and ordinary rays is assumed to be constant and equal to ne  — no  =0 .0090 at all wavelengths of the visible spectrum.

Ans. Here

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

We check that for

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

These are the only values of λ, for which the plate acts as a quarter wave plate.

 

Q.183. A quartz plate cut parallel to its optical axis is placed between two crossed Nicol prisms so that their principle directions form an angle of 45° with the optical axis of the plate. What is the minimum thickness of that plate transmitting light of wavelength λ= 643 nm with maximum intensity while greatly reducing the intensity of transmitting light of wavelength λ2  = 564 nm? The difference of refractive indices for extraordinary and ordinary rays is assumed to be equal to n — no = 0 .0090 for both wavelengths.

Ans. Between crossed Nicols, a quartz plate, whose optic axis makes 45° with the principal directions of the Nicols, must introduce a phase difference of (2k + 1) ji so as to transmit the incident light (of that wavelength) with maximum intensity. For in this case the plane of polarization of the light emerging from the polarizer will be rotated by 90° and will go through the analyser undiminished. Thus we write for light of wavelengths 643 nm

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE    (1)

To nearly block light of wavelength 564 nm we require

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE (2)

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

This is not quite an integer but is close to one. This means that if we take 2 k = 6 equations (1) can be satisfied exactly while equation (2) will hold approximately. Thus

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.184. A quartz wedge with refracting angle  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE  is inserted between two crossed Polaroids. The optical axis of the wedge is parallel to its edge and forms an angle of 45° with the principal directions of the Polaroids. On transmission of light with wavelength λ = 550 nm through this system, an interference fringe pattern is formed. The width of each fringe is Δx = 1.0 mm. Find the

  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

difference of refractive indices of quartz for ordinary and extraordinary rays at the wavelength indicated above.

Ans. If a ray traverses the wedge at a distance x below the joint, then the distance that the ray moves in the wedge is

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

between the E and O wave components of the ray. For a general x the resulting light is elliptically polarized and is not completely quenched by the analyser polaroid. The condition for complete quenching is

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

That for maximum brightness is

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The fringe width is given by

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.185. Natural monochromatic light of intensity l0  falls on a system of two Polaroids between which a crystalline plate is inserted, cut parallel to its optical axis. The plate introduces a phase difference δ between the ordinary and extraordinary rays. Demonstrate that the intensity of light transmitted through that system is equal to

  Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

where φ and φ' are the angles between the optical axis of the crystal and the principal directions of the Polaroids. In particular, consider the cases of crossed and parallel Polaroids.

Ans.  Light emerging from the first polaroid is plane polarized with amplitude A where N1 is the principal direction of the polaroid and a vibration of amplitude can be resolved into two vibration : E wave with vibration along the optic axis of amplitude A cosφ and the O wave with vibration perpendicular to the optic axis and having an amplitude A sinφ. These acquire a phase difference δ on passing through the plate. The second polaroid transmits the components

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

What emerges from the second polaroid is a set of two plane polarized waves in the same direction and same plane of polarization but phase difference δ. They interfere and produce a wave of amplitude squared

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Parallel polaroids : 

Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

With Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE the conditions for the maximum and minimum are easily found to be that shown in the answer.

The document Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE is a part of the JEE Course I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12.
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FAQs on Irodov Solutions: Polarization of Light- 2 - I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

1. What is polarization of light?
Ans. Polarization of light refers to the phenomenon where the electric field vector of a light wave oscillates in a specific direction. It occurs when light waves are restricted to vibrate in a particular plane.
2. How does polarization of light occur?
Ans. Polarization of light can occur through various methods such as reflection, scattering, and transmission. When light is reflected from a non-metallic surface at a specific angle called the Brewster's angle, it becomes polarized. Additionally, certain materials can selectively absorb or transmit light waves based on their orientation, leading to polarization.
3. What are the applications of polarization of light?
Ans. Polarization of light finds applications in various fields. In optical microscopy, polarization is used to enhance image contrast and reduce glare. In 3D movie technology, polarized light is used to separate the left and right-eye images. Polarized sunglasses reduce glare by blocking horizontally polarized light. Polarization is also used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and telecommunications.
4. Can all types of light be polarized?
Ans. No, not all types of light can be polarized. Natural light, such as sunlight, consists of a mixture of light waves vibrating in different planes. However, certain sources of light, such as laser light or light emitted by some LEDs, can be polarized.
5. How is polarization of light useful in scientific research?
Ans. The polarization of light is useful in scientific research as it provides valuable information about the properties of materials and their interaction with light. By studying the polarization of light reflected or transmitted through a substance, scientists can gain insights into its molecular structure, composition, and optical properties. This information is crucial in fields like material science, biology, and chemistry.
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