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Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE PDF Download

Q.231. A radionuclide A1 goes through the transformation chain A→ A2 → A (stable) with respective decay constants λ1 and λ2. Assuming that at the initial moment the preparation contained only the radionuclide A1 equal in quantity to N10  nuclei, find the equation describing accumulation of the stable isotope A3.

Ans. Here we have the equations

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEIrodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

From problem 229

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Then Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or  Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

since N3 = 0 initially

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

So  Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE
Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.232. A Bi21° radionuclide decays via the chain 

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

where the decay constants are  Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE 5.80.10-8  s-1. Calculate alpha- and beta-activities of the Bi210 preparation of mass 1.00 mg a month after its manufacture. 

Ans We have the chain

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

of the previous problem initially

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

A month after preparation

N1 = 4.54 x 1016 

N2 = 2.52 x 1018

using the results of the previous problem.

Then

Aβ = λ1N1 = 0.725 x 1011 dis/sec

Aα = λ2N2 = 1.46 x 1011 dis/sec

 

Q.233. (a) What isotope is produced from the alpha-radioactive Ra228  as a result of five alpha-disintegrations and four β-disintegrations?
 (b) How many alpha- and β-decays does U 238  experience before turning finally into the stable Pb206  isotope? 

Ans.  (a) Ra has Z - 88, A - 226 After 3 a emission and 4 p (electron) emission

A - 206
Z - 88 + 4-5x2 - 82

The product is 82pb206 

(b) We require

- ΔZ = 10 = 2 n - m

- ΔA = 32 = ft x 4

Here n = no. of α emissions

m = no. of β emissions

Thus n = 8, m = 6

 

Q.234. A stationary Pb200 nucleus emits an alpha-particle with kinetic energy Tα = 5.77 MeV. Find the recoil velocity of a daughter nucleus. What fraction of the total energy liberated in this decay is accounted for by the recoil energy of the daughter nucleus? 

Ans. The momentum of the α-particle is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE This is also the recoil m om entum o f the daughter nuclear in opposite direction. The recoil velocity of the daughter ntideus is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE = 3.39x105 m/S

The eneigy of the daughter nucleus is Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEand this represents a fraction

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

of total eneigy. Here Md is the mass of the daughter nudeus.

 

Q.235. Find the amount of heat generated by 1.00 mg of a Po210 preparation during the mean lifetime period of these nuclei if the emitted alpha-particles are known to possess the kinetic energy 5.3 MeV and practically all daughter nuclei are formed directly in the ground state.

Ans. The number of nuclei initially present is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

In the mean life time of these nuclei the number decaying is the fraction Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE Thus the eneigy released is 2.87 x 1018 x 0.632 x 5.3 x 1.602 x 10-13 J = 1.54MJ

 

Q.236. The alpha-decay of Po210 nuclei (in the ground state) is accompanied by emission of two groups of alpha-particles with kinetic energies 5.30 and 4.50 MeV. Following the emission of these particles the daughter nuclei are found in the ground and excited states. Find the energy of gamma-quanta emitted by the excited nuclei.

Ans. We neglect all recoil effects. Then the following diagram gives the eneigy of the gamma ray 

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.237. The mean path length of alpha-particles in air under standard conditions is defined by the formula R = 0.98.10-27  v3o cm, where v0 (cm/s) is the initial velocity of an alpha-particle. Using this formula, find for an alpha-particle with initial kinetic energy 7.0 MeV:
 (a) its mean path length;
 (b) the average number of ion pairs formed by the given alphaparticle over the whole path R as well as over its first half, assuming the ion pair formation energy to be equal to 34 eV. 

Ans.  (a) For an alpha particle with initial K.E. 7.0 MeV, the initial velocity is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

= 1.83 x 109an/sec 

Thus            R = 6.02an

(b) Over the whole path the number of ion pairs is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Over the first half of the path We write the formula for the mean path as RαE1/2 where E is the initial energy. Thus if the energy of the a-particle after traversing the first half of the path is Ethen

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Hence number of ion pairs formed in the first half of the path length is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.238. Find the energy Q liberated in β-- and β+-decays and in K-capture if the masses of the parent atom MP, the daughter atom Md and an electron m are known.

Ans.  In β- decay

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

since Mp, Md are the masses of the atoms. The binding energy of the electrons in ignored. In K capture

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE
Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE 

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

In β+ decay Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

ThenIrodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.239. Taking the values of atomic masses from the tables, find the maximum kinetic energy of beta-particles emitted by Be10 nuclei and the corresponding kinetic energy of recoiling daughter nuclei formed directly in the ground state. 

Ans.   The reaction isIrodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

For maximum K.E. of electrons we can put the energy of Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE to be zero. The atomic masses are

Be10 = 10.016711 amu

B10 = 10.016114 amu

So the K.E. of electrons is (see previous problem)

597 x 10-6 amu x c2 = 0.56 MeV

The momentum of electrons with this K.E. is 0.941 Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

and the recoil energy of the daughter is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.240. Evaluate the amount of heat produced during a day by a β--active Na24  preparation of mass m = 1.0 mg. The beta-particles are assumed to possess an average kinetic energy equal to 1/3 of the highest possible energy of the given decay. The half-life of Na24  is T = 15 hours. 

Ans. The masses are

Na24 = 24 - 0.00903 amu and Mg24 = 24 - 0.01496 amu

The reaction is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The maximum K.E. of electrons is

0.00593 x 93 MeV = 5.52 MeV 

Average K.E. according to the problem is then Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE = 1.84 MeV

The initial number of Na24 is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The fraction decaying in a day is

1 - (2) - 24/15 = 0.67 

Hence the heat produced in a day is 

0.67 x 2.51 x 1019 x 1.84 x 1.602 x 10-13 Joul = 4.95MJ

 

Q.241. Taking the values of atomic masses from the tables, calculate the kinetic energies of a positron and a neutrino emitted by C11 nucleus for the case when the daughter nucleus does not recoil. 

Ans.  We assume that the parent nucleus is at rest Then since the daughter nucleus does not recoil, we have

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

i.e. positron & v mometum are equal and opposite. On the other hand

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEtotal energy released. (Here we have used the fact that energy 

of the neutrino is Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Now Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE
Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Then Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus c p = 0.646 M eV = energy of neutrino

Also K.E. of electron = 1.47 - 0.646 - 0.511 = 0.313 MeV

 

Q.242. Find the kinetic energy of the recoil nucleus in the positronic decay of a Nn nucleus for the case when the energy of positrons is maximum. 

Ans. The K.E. of the positron is maximum when the energy of neutrino is zero. Since the recoil energy of the nucleus is quite small, it can be calculated by successive approximation.
The reaction is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The maximum energy available to the positron (including its rest energy) is

c2 (Mass of N13 nucleus - Mass of C13 nucleus)

= c2 (Mass of N13 atom - Mass of C13 atom - me)

= 0.00239 c2 - mec2

= (0.00239 x 931 - 0.511) MeV 

= 1.71 MeV

The momentum corresponding to this energy is 1.636 MeV/c .

The recoil energy of the nucleus is then

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE = 111 eV = 0.111 keV

on using Mc2 - 13 x 931 MeV

 

Q.243. From the tables of atomic masses determine the velocity of a nucleus appearing as a result of K-capture in a Bel atom provided the daughter nucleus turns out to be in the ground state. 

Ans. The process is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The energy available in the process is

Q = c2 (Mass of Be7 atom - Mass of Li-7 atom)

= 0.00092 x 931 MeV = 0.86 MeV

The momentum of a K electron is negligible. So in the rest frame of the Be7 atom, most of the energy is taken by neutrino whose momentum is very nearly 0.86MeV/c The momentum of the recoiling nucleus is equal and opposite. The velocity of recoil is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE = 3.96 x106 cm/s

 

Q.244. Passing down to the ground state, excited Ag109 in nuclei emit either gamma quanta with energy 87 keV or K conversion electrons whose binding energy is 26 keV. Find the velocity of these electrons. 

Ans.  In internal conversion, the total energy is used to knock out K electrons. The KE. of these electrons is energy available-B.E. of K electrons

= (87 - 26) = 61 keV

The total energy including rest mass of electrons is 0.511 + 0.061 = 0.572 MeV

The momentum corresponding to this total energy is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE 0257 MeV/c.

The velocity is then =Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.245. A free stationary Ir191 nucleus with excitation energy E = 129 keV passes to the ground state, emitting a gamma quantum. Calculate the fractional change of gamma quanta energy due to recoil of the nucleus. 

Ans. With recoil neglected, the y-quantram will have 129 keV eneigy. To a first approximation, its momentrum will be 129 keV/c and the energy of recoil will be

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE= 4.18 x 10- 8 MeV

In the next approximation we therefore write Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Therefore Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

 

Q.246. What must be the relative velocity of a source and an absorber consisting of free Ir191 nuclei to observe the maximum absorption of gamma quanta with energy ε = 129 keV? 

Ans. For maximum (resonant) absorption, the absorbing nucleus must be moving with enough speed to cancel the momentum of the oncoming photon and have just right eneigy (ε = 129 keV) available for transition to the excited state.

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Since  Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEand momentum of the photon isIrodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE  these condition can be satisfied if the velocity of the nucleus is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE 218m/s = 0.218km/s

 

Q.247. A source of gamma quanta is placed at a height h = 20m above an absorber. With what velocity should the source be displaced upward to counterbalance completely the gravitational variation of gamma quanta energy due to the Earth's gravity at the point where the absorber is located? 

Ans. Because of the gravitational shift the frequency of the gamma ray at the location of the absorber is increased by

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

For this to be compensated by the Doppler shift (assuming that resonant absorption is possible in the absence of gravitational field) we must have

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.248. What is the minimum height to which a gamma quanta source containing excited Zn67  nuclei has to be raised for the gravitational displacement of the Mossbauer line to exceed the line width itself, when registered on the Earth's surface? The registered gamma quanta are known to have an energy ε = 93 keV and appear on transition of Zn67 nuclei to the ground state, and the mean lifetime of the excited state is ζ = 14μS.

Ans. The natural life time is

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus the condition Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEimplies Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE= 4.64 metre

(h here is height of the place, not planck’s constant.)

The document Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE is a part of the JEE Course I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12.
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FAQs on Irodov Solutions: Radioactivity- 2 - I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

1. What is radioactivity and how does it occur?
Ans. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable atom. It occurs when the nucleus of an atom is in an unstable state, usually due to an excess of protons or neutrons. The unstable nucleus emits radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays in order to achieve a more stable configuration.
2. What are the different types of radiation emitted during radioactive decay?
Ans. During radioactive decay, three types of radiation can be emitted: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are positively charged. Beta particles can be either electrons (beta-minus decay) or positrons (beta-plus decay) and carry a negative or positive charge, respectively. Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves and have no charge.
3. How does radioactivity affect living organisms?
Ans. Radioactivity can have harmful effects on living organisms. When radioactive particles or rays interact with living cells, they can disrupt the normal functioning of molecules, damage DNA, and lead to mutations or cell death. High doses of radiation can cause acute radiation sickness, while long-term exposure to low levels of radiation may increase the risk of cancer.
4. How is radioactivity measured?
Ans. Radioactivity is measured using a unit called the becquerel (Bq) or the curie (Ci). The becquerel represents one disintegration per second, while the curie represents 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second. Another commonly used unit is the rad, which measures the absorbed dose of radiation in tissue. The gray (Gy) is the SI unit for the absorbed dose, where 1 Gy is equivalent to 100 rads.
5. How is radioactivity used in practical applications?
Ans. Radioactivity has various practical applications. In medicine, radioactive isotopes are used for diagnostic imaging (e.g., PET scans) and radiation therapy to treat cancer. In industry, radioisotopes are used for sterilization, thickness measurement, and quality control. Radioactive dating is used in geology and archaeology to determine the age of rocks and artifacts. Additionally, radioisotopes are used in scientific research and nuclear power generation.
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