JEE Exam  >  JEE Notes  >  I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12  >  Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE PDF Download

Q.49. Calculate the de Broglie wavelengths of an electron, proton, and uranium atom, all having the same kinetic energy 100 eV. 

Ans. The kinetic eneigy is nonrelativistic in all three cases. Now

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

using Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE Joules, we get

λ= 122.6 pm 

λp = 2.86 pm

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

(where we have used a mass number of 238 for the U nucleus).

 

Q.50. What amount of energy should be added to an electron to reduce its de Broglie wavelength from 100 to 50 pm? 

Ans. From 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

we find Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Substitution gives Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.51. A neutron with kinetic energy T = 25 eV strikes a stationary deuteron (heavy hydrogen nucleus). Find the de Broglie wavelengths of both particles in the frame of their centre of inertia.

Ans. We shall use M0 = 2Mn. The CM is moving with velocity 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

with respect to the Lab frame. In the CM frame the velocity of neutron is

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

and Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Substitution gives Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Since the momenta are equal in the CM frame the de Broglie wavelengths will also be equal. If we do not assume Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE we shall get

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.52. Two identical non-relativistic particles move at right angles to each other, possessing de Broglie wavelengths λ1 and λ2. Find the de Broglie wavelength of each particle in the frame of their centre of inertia. 

Ans. If Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE are the momenta o f the two particles then their momenta in the CM frame will be 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE as the particle are identical.

Hence their de Broglie wavelength will be

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.53. Find the de Broglie wavelength of hydrogen molecules, which corresponds to their most probable velocity at room temperature. 

Ans. In thermodynamic equilibrium, Maxwell’s velocity distribution law holds : 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

φ (v) is maximum when

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The difines the most probable velocity,

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The de Broglie wavelength of H molecules with the most probable velocity is

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Substituting the appropriate value especially

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE we get

λ = 126 pm

 

Q.54. Calculate the most probable de Broglie wavelength of hydrogen molecules being in thermodynamic equilibrium at room temperature. 

Ans.  To find the most probable de Broglie wavelength of a gas in thermodynamic equilibrium we determine the distribution is λ corresponding to Maxwellian velocity distribution.
It is given by

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

(where - sign takes account of the fact that λ decreaes as v increases). Now

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

where Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

This is maximum when

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Using the result of the previous problem it is

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.55. Derive the expression for a de Broglie wavelength λ of a relativistic particle moving with kinetic energy T. At what values of T does the error in determining λ using the non-relativistic formula not exceed 1% for an electron and a proton? 

Ans. For a relativistic particle

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Squaring  Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Hence Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

If we use nonrelativistic formula,

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

SO Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE  i,f the error is less than Δλ

For electron the error is not more than 1 % if

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

For a proton, the error is not more than 1 % if

                    T ≤ 4 X 938 X 0.01 MeV
i.e.                T ≤ 37.5 MeV.

 

Q.56. At what value of kinetic energy is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron equal to its Compton wavelength? 

Ans. The de Broglie wavelength is 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

and the Compton wavelength is

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The two are equal if Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEIrodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

The corresponding kinetic energy is

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Here mis th rest mass of the particle (here an electron).

 

Q.57. Find the de Broglie wavelength of relativistic electrons reaching the anticathode of an X-ray tube if the short wavelength limit of the continuous X-ray spectrum is equal to λsh = 10.0 pm? 

Ans.  For relativistic electrons, the formula for the short wavelength limit of X - rays will be

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEEIrodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

orIrodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

orIrodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Hence Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.58. A parallel stream of monoenergetic electrons falls normally on a diaphragm with narrow square slit of width b = 1.0 μm. Find the velocity of the electrons if the width of the central diffraction maximum formed on a screen located at a distance l = 50 cm from the slit is equal to Δx = 0.36 mm. 

Ans. he first minimum in a Fraunhofer diffraction is given by (b is the width of the slit)  

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Here

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

so Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.59. A parallel stream of electrons accelerated by a potential difference V = 25 V falls normally on a diaphragm with two narrow slits separated by a distance d = 50μm. Calculate the distance between neighbouring maxima of the diffraction pattern on a screen located at a distance l = 100 cm from the slits. 

Ans.  From the Young slit foimula 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Substitution gives

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Q.60. A narrow stream of monoenergetic electrons falls at an angle of incidence θ = 30° on the natural facet of an aluminium single crystal. The distance between the neighbouring crystal planes parallel to that facet is equal to d = 0.20 nm. The maximum mirror reflection is observed at a certain accelerating voltage V0. Find Vo, if the next maximum mirror reflection is known to be observed when the accelerating voltage is increased η = 2.25 times. 

Ans. From Bragg’s law, for the first case 

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

where no is an unknown integer/For the next higher voltage

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Going back we get

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Note : In the Bragg’s formula, θ is the glancing angle and not the angle of incidence. We have obtained correct result by taking θ to be the glancing angle. If θ is the angle of incidence, then the glancing angle will be 90 - θ. Then the final answer will be smaller by a factorIrodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.61. A narrow beam of monoenergetic electrons falls normally on the surface of a Ni single crystal. The reflection maximum of fourth order is observed in the direction forming an angle θ = 55° with the normal to the surface at the energy of the electrons equal to T = 180 eV. Calculate the corresponding value of the interplanar distance. 

Ans. Path  difference is  

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus for reflection maximum of the kth order

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Hence Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

substitution with k = 4gives 

d = 0.232

 

Q.62. A narrow stream of electrons with kinetic energy T = 10 keV passes through a polycrystalline aluminium foil, forming a system of diffraction fringes on a screen. Calculate the interplanar distance corresponding to the reflection of third order from a certain system of crystal planes if it is responsible for a diffraction ring of diameter D = 3.20 cm. The distance between the foil and the screen is l = 10.0 cm. 

Ans.  See the analogous problem with X - rays (5.156) The glancing angle is obtained from

 Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

where D = diameter of the ring, l = distance from the foil to the screen.
Then for the third order Bragg reflection

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Thus Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.63. A stream of electrons accelerated by a potential difference V falls on the surface of a metal whose inner potential is V1 = 15 V. Find:
 (a) the refractive index of the metal for the electrons accelerated by a potential difference V = 150 V;
 (b) the values of the ratio V/Vt  at which the refractive index differs from unity by not more than η = 1.0%. 

Ans. Inside the metal, there is a negative potential energy of - eVi}. (This potential energy prevents electrons from leaking out and can be measured in photoelectric effect etc.) An electron whose K.E. is eV outside the metal w ill find its K.E. increased to e (V + Vi) in th e metal. Then

(a) de Broglie wavelength in the metal

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Also de Broglie wavelength in vacuum

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Hence refractive index Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Substituting we get Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

thenIrodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or  Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

For Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

we get Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.64. A particle of mass m is located in a unidimensional square potential well with infinitely high walls. The width of the well is equal to l. Find the permitted values of energy of the particle taking into account that only those states of the particle's motion are realized for which the whole number of de Broglie half-waves are fitted within the given well. 

Ans.  The energy inside the well is all kinetic if energy is measured from the value inside. We require

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

or  Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

 

Q.65. Describe the Bohr quantum conditions in terms of the wave theory: demonstrate that an electron in a hydrogen atom can move only along those round orbits which accommodate a whole number of de Broglie waves. 

Ans. The Bohr condition

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

For the case when λ is constant (for example in circular orbits) this means

2nr = nλ

Here r is the radius of the circular orbit.

The document Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE is a part of the JEE Course I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12.
All you need of JEE at this link: JEE
88 docs

Top Courses for JEE

FAQs on Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 - I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

1. What is the Schrodinger equation and how is it related to wave properties of particles?
Ans. The Schrodinger equation is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes the behavior of wave functions, which are mathematical representations of particles. It is used to determine the probability distribution of a particle's position and momentum. The equation relates the wave function to the energy of the particle and allows for the calculation of various properties, such as the particle's wave nature and the probability of finding it in a particular state.
2. Can the Schrodinger equation be used to describe both particles and waves?
Ans. Yes, the Schrodinger equation can be used to describe both particles and waves. According to the wave-particle duality principle in quantum mechanics, particles can exhibit wave-like properties. The Schrodinger equation treats particles as waves described by wave functions, which can exhibit interference and diffraction patterns similar to classical waves. Therefore, it provides a unified framework for understanding the wave-particle nature of particles.
3. How does the Schrodinger equation explain the quantization of energy levels in atoms?
Ans. The Schrodinger equation for atoms predicts that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized, meaning it can only take on certain discrete values. This quantization arises from the wave nature of electrons and their confinement within the atom. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation, known as wave functions or orbitals, describe the probability distribution of finding the electron at different energy levels. The quantized energy levels correspond to the allowed values of the electron's energy within the atom.
4. Can the Schrodinger equation be solved analytically for all physical systems?
Ans. No, the Schrodinger equation can only be solved analytically for a limited number of simple physical systems. For more complex systems, such as atoms with multiple electrons or molecules, analytical solutions are generally not possible. In such cases, numerical methods or approximations are used to solve the Schrodinger equation and obtain approximate wave functions and energy levels. These methods include computational techniques like the variational method and perturbation theory.
5. How does the Schrodinger equation relate to the wave-particle duality of particles?
Ans. The Schrodinger equation is a key equation in quantum mechanics that describes the behavior of particles as waves. It incorporates the wave-particle duality principle, which states that particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The Schrodinger equation treats particles as waves described by wave functions, which can exhibit interference, diffraction, and other wave phenomena. Thus, the equation provides a mathematical framework for understanding how particles can simultaneously possess both wave and particle characteristics.
88 docs
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for JEE exam

Top Courses for JEE

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

Extra Questions

,

Exam

,

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

,

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

,

Viva Questions

,

Sample Paper

,

MCQs

,

Irodov Solutions: Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation- 1 | I. E. Irodov Solutions for Physics Class 11 & Class 12 - JEE

,

ppt

,

study material

,

video lectures

,

Summary

,

pdf

,

Free

,

Objective type Questions

,

Semester Notes

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

past year papers

,

practice quizzes

,

mock tests for examination

,

Important questions

;