Kingdom Monera: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Video Lecture | Biology Class 11 - NEET

0:0:0: have you ever found yourself curled up
0:0:2: in bed feeling miserable due to a
0:0:4: bacterial infection
0:0:6: it's nothing but a bad bacteria present
0:0:9: in our environment
0:0:11: on the other hand have you heard about
0:0:13: the good bacteria that are often talked
0:0:15: about
0:0:16: like in curd or in our gut that helps in
0:0:19: digestion
0:0:21: but wait we were supposed to discuss
0:0:23: Kingdom Monera but why did we start with
0:0:25: bacteria
0:0:27: so let me break the ice for you
0:0:30: all these harmful and helpful bacteria
0:0:33: that we just talked about are classified
0:0:35: under the kingdom Monera
0:0:37: so if we have to study Kingdom Monera
0:0:40: it's really important to understand
0:0:42: bacteria first
0:0:44: these tiny single-celled organisms are
0:0:47: so unique that they have their own
0:0:48: biological Kingdom that is Kingdom
0:0:50: Monera
0:0:52: bacteria are found in almost every
0:0:54: environment on Earth from soil to water
0:0:56: to the human gut
0:0:58: bacteria are some of the oldest forms of
0:1:1: life on Earth
0:1:2: they have been around for billions of
0:1:5: years and are believed to have played a
0:1:7: crucial role in shaping the planet's
0:1:9: atmosphere and environment also
0:1:11: bacteria are tiny single-celled
0:1:14: organisms that come in different shapes
0:1:16: and sizes
0:1:18: scientists group bacteria into four
0:1:20: categories based on their shape
0:1:23: the first category is caucus cocky these
0:1:26: bacteria are spherical or oval in shape
0:1:29: these can be micrococcus single
0:1:32: diplococcus in pairs tetrachopters in
0:1:36: force streptococcus in Chains and
0:1:39: staphylococcus in clusters like grapes
0:1:42: the second is the rod-shaped bacteria
0:1:44: called bacillus bacilli they can be with
0:1:47: or without flagella
0:1:49: the third is the coma shaped bacteria
0:1:51: called wide room we Brew these are small
0:1:53: bacteria with flagella at one end
0:1:56: the fourth is the spiral-shaped bacteria
0:1:59: called spivolim spirula they are rigid
0:2:1: forms due to the spiral structure and
0:2:3: bear flagella at one or both the ends
0:2:7: bacteria may have a simple structure but
0:2:10: they are actually quite complex in
0:2:12: Behavior
0:2:13: these tiny organisms are incredibly
0:2:16: diverse in their metabolic abilities
0:2:18: which means they can do many different
0:2:20: things with the food they consume
0:2:22: some bacteria are even able to create
0:2:25: their own food from inorganic substances
0:2:28: this process is called autotrophy and
0:2:31: there are two types of autotrophs first
0:2:34: photosynthetic autotrophs use sunlight
0:2:36: to make their food while chemosynthetic
0:2:38: autotrophs use chemicals to create their
0:2:41: own energy
0:2:42: most bacteria however are heterotrophs
0:2:47: this means that they rely on other
0:2:49: organisms or dead organic matter for
0:2:51: their food
0:2:53: they break down these substances into
0:2:55: smaller pieces which they can then use
0:2:57: for energy
0:2:59: bacteria are able to do this in many
0:3:1: different ways such as by secreting
0:3:4: enzymes that break down complex
0:3:6: molecules or by engulfing other
0:3:8: organisms and breaking them down inside
0:3:11: their own cells
0:3:13: now that you have understood bacteria
0:3:16: it's time to understand how they are
0:3:18: classified
0:3:19: Kingdom Monera is classified into two
0:3:22: sub-kingdoms archibacteria and your
0:3:24: bacteria
0:3:25: in Eubacteria we will study
0:3:28: cyanobacteria chemosynthetic bacteria
0:3:30: heterotrophic bacteria and mycoplasma
0:3:34: let's take a look at each of these by
0:3:36: asking a simple question
0:3:38: did you know that some bacteria are so
0:3:41: tough that they can survive in the
0:3:42: harshest of environments like extreme
0:3:45: salty areas hot springs and Marshy areas
0:3:49: these tough bacteria are none other than
0:3:52: but are archibacteria these are some of
0:3:54: the oldest living organisms on Earth
0:3:57: they have been around for over 3.5
0:4:0: billion years and they are different
0:4:2: from other bacteria because of their
0:4:4: unique cell wall structure
0:4:6: this feature helps them to survive in
0:4:8: extreme conditions that would be deadly
0:4:10: to other bacteria
0:4:12: for example some archibacteria called
0:4:15: halophiles can survive in extremely
0:4:17: salty conditions such as in the Dead Sea
0:4:20: or in salt pans
0:4:22: other archibacteria cause
0:4:24: thermoacidophiles can survive in hot and
0:4:27: acidic environments such as in volcanic
0:4:29: Hot Springs
0:4:31: and yet other archibacteria called
0:4:33: methanogens can survive in oxygen-free
0:4:35: environments and produce methane gas as
0:4:38: a byproduct of their metabolism in fact
0:4:40: methanogens are present in the guts of
0:4:43: ruminant animals like cows and Buffalos
0:4:45: and are responsible for the production
0:4:47: of biogas from their dung
0:4:50: and now let's study the applications of
0:4:53: archibacteria as they have important
0:4:55: biotechnological applications such as in
0:4:58: the production of enzymes for industrial
0:5:0: and medical use
0:5:2: some archibacteria can even survive in
0:5:5: radioactive environments and are being
0:5:7: studied for their potential use in
0:5:9: nuclear waste management
0:5:12: now coming to the sub Kingdom Eubacteria
0:5:15: it is also known as true bacteria a
0:5:18: single-celled organisms that belong to
0:5:20: the kingdom Monera
0:5:22: they are one of the most diverse groups
0:5:24: of organisms on Earth and can be found
0:5:27: in virtually every environment from Deep
0:5:29: Sea Winds to the human gut
0:5:32: Eubacteria are important to study
0:5:34: because they have a significant impact
0:5:36: on the world around us
0:5:38: some bacteria are beneficial and perform
0:5:41: vital functions such as aiding in
0:5:43: digestion While others can cause serious
0:5:46: illnesses
0:5:47: the study of Eubacteria is essential for
0:5:50: understanding how these organisms
0:5:52: interact with their environment and
0:5:54: other living beings
0:5:55: one fascinating aspect of your bacteria
0:5:58: is their ability to adapt and evolve
0:6:0: rapidly
0:6:2: this has allowed them to develop
0:6:4: resistance to antibiotics which can make
0:6:6: treating bacterial infections more
0:6:8: challenging
0:6:10: scientists are working to find new ways
0:6:12: to combat these bacteria and prevent the
0:6:15: spread of antibiotic resistant strains
0:6:19: Eubacteria are super small but they come
0:6:21: in all sorts of different types
0:6:24: you can recognize them by their rigid
0:6:26: cell walls and some of them even have a
0:6:29: tiny tail called the flagellum that
0:6:31: helps them move around
0:6:33: now let's talk about some different
0:6:35: kinds of bacteria classified under
0:6:37: Eubacteria
0:6:39: one type of Eubacteria is called
0:6:41: cyanobacteria but you might know them as
0:6:44: blue-green algae
0:6:45: these little guys are really interesting
0:6:48: because they can make their own food
0:6:50: through a process called photosynthesis
0:6:52: just like plants
0:6:54: they have a green pigment called
0:6:56: chlorophyllate that helps them do this
0:6:58: and that's why they are photosynthetic
0:7:0: autotrophs
0:7:2: cyanobacteria are single-celled
0:7:4: organisms and can be found all over the
0:7:7: place in fresh water in Marine water on
0:7:10: land and even in colonies with a
0:7:12: jelly-like coating around them called a
0:7:14: gelatinous sheath
0:7:15: sometimes when they live in polluted
0:7:18: water they can grow super fast and
0:7:20: create big blooms but here is the
0:7:23: coolest part some types of cyanobacteria
0:7:26: can take nitrogen from the air and turn
0:7:28: it into a form that plants can use to
0:7:30: grow
0:7:31: they do this in special cells called
0:7:34: heterosis and two examples of this type
0:7:36: of cyanobacteria are not stock and
0:7:39: anabena
0:7:40: as we already talked about the
0:7:42: chemosynthetic bacteria at the start of
0:7:44: the video these little guys are really
0:7:47: cool because they can make their own
0:7:49: food without using sunlight like plants
0:7:51: too
0:7:52: instead they get their energy by
0:7:55: breaking down certain chemicals like
0:7:57: nitrates nitrites and ammonia
0:8:0: when the bacteria break down these
0:8:2: chemicals they release energy that they
0:8:5: use to make a molecule called ATP which
0:8:7: is like their own personal battery
0:8:10: this process is called oxidation
0:8:13: but here is the really interesting part
0:8:15: these bacteria are essential for
0:8:17: recycling important nutrients like
0:8:20: nitrogen phosphorus iron and sulfur
0:8:24: without them these nutrients would just
0:8:26: stay trapped in dead plant and animal
0:8:28: matter and the ecosystem would suffer
0:8:32: so while they may be small and hard to
0:8:34: see chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
0:8:37: play a huge role in keeping our world
0:8:39: healthy and thriving
0:8:41: you will be amazed to know that some or
0:8:43: other kinds of bacterias are all around
0:8:46: us and are actually the most common type
0:8:48: of bacteria in nature
0:8:50: these are none other than a
0:8:52: heterotrophic bacteria
0:8:54: these little guys again play a really
0:8:56: important role in breaking down their
0:8:59: plant and animal matter which helps keep
0:9:1: the ecosystem healthy
0:9:3: but heterotrophic bacteria are also
0:9:6: really important to us humans
0:9:8: they can help us make things like curd
0:9:11: from milk and even produce life-saving
0:9:13: antibiotics
0:9:15: heterotrophic bacteria are also able to
0:9:17: fix nitrogen in the roots of legumes
0:9:20: which can help the plant to thrive
0:9:23: unfortunately not all heterotrophic
0:9:25: bacteria are friendly
0:9:28: some can cause serious harm to humans
0:9:30: crops and animals
0:9:33: you have probably heard of diseases like
0:9:35: cholera typhoid and tetanus which are
0:9:38: all caused by different types of
0:9:40: bacteria
0:9:41: and there is even a disease called
0:9:43: Citrus cancer that affects citrus fruits
0:9:46: when it comes to reproduction bacteria
0:9:49: mainly reproduced by fission which means
0:9:51: they split into two identical copies of
0:9:54: themselves
0:9:55: but under really tough conditions they
0:9:58: can also create spores
0:10:0: and in a really interesting process
0:10:2: bacteria can even transfer DNA from one
0:10:5: to another almost like a primitive form
0:10:7: of sexual reproduction
0:10:9: so while heterotrophic bacteria may be
0:10:12: tiny and hard to see they have a huge
0:10:14: impact on the world around us both good
0:10:17: and bad mycoplasma are teeny tiny living
0:10:20: things that don't have a cell wall
0:10:23: they are so small that they are actually
0:10:25: the smallest cells we know of
0:10:28: what's really amazing about them is that
0:10:30: they don't even need oxygen to survive
0:10:34: some types of mycoplasma can make
0:10:36: animals and plants sick which we call
0:10:38: pathogenic
0:10:40: to understand what a cell wall is it's
0:10:42: like a protective layer that surrounds
0:10:44: most cells kind of like a suit of armor
0:10:48: but mycoplasma are unique because they
0:10:50: don't have this suit of armor their
0:10:52: naked cells
0:10:54: even though they're small and don't have
0:10:56: a cell wall mycoplasma are still alive
0:10:59: and can do a lot of things that other
0:11:1: cells can do
0:11:3: however because they don't have a cell
0:11:5: wall they can be a bit sneaky and cause
0:11:8: problems in animals and plants by
0:11:10: infecting them
0:11:12: so till now you understood all about the
0:11:14: kingdom Monera and its sub kingdoms
0:11:17: archibacteria and Eubacteria
0:11:19: now you know how important these
0:11:21: bacteria are for our Earth and for us
0:11:24: like lactic acid bacteria incurred
0:11:27: but these bacteria are capable of
0:11:29: causing harm too like mycobacterium
0:11:31: tuberculosis which causes TB so beware
0:11:34: of bad ones from now on
0:11:37: now as you have completed this topic
0:11:40: you can learn it with chapter notes
0:11:42: watch video lectures and solve ncrt
0:11:45: based McQ tests of this chapter on
0:11:48: edurev
0:11:49: and this is available not just for one
0:11:52: but all the chapters of class 11 and 12
0:11:54: biology and much more for your neat
0:11:57: preparation