Lecture 1 - Plant Tissues ( Part 1) | Plant Anatomy - Biotechnology Engineering (BT) PDF Download

 Page 1


 
Plant Tissues 
 
 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
0 
 
                                                                                                                 
 
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on 
Education Through ICT” 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Anatomy 
 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
 
Lesson: Plant Tissues 
Lesson Developer: Dr. Arun Kumar Maurya and Dr. Anita Rani 
Department/College: Dayal Singh College 
 
 
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Basudha Sharma 
Department/College: MM (PG) College,Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 
 
 
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar 
Department/College: Hindu College 
 
 
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
Page 2


 
Plant Tissues 
 
 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
0 
 
                                                                                                                 
 
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on 
Education Through ICT” 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Anatomy 
 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
 
Lesson: Plant Tissues 
Lesson Developer: Dr. Arun Kumar Maurya and Dr. Anita Rani 
Department/College: Dayal Singh College 
 
 
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Basudha Sharma 
Department/College: MM (PG) College,Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 
 
 
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar 
Department/College: Hindu College 
 
 
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
1 
Table of Contents  
Chapter: Plant Tissues 
? Introduction 
? Classification of Tissues 
? Simple tissue 
? Parenchyma 
? Distribution 
? Shape and arrangement  
? Structure and function  
? Synthetic parenchyma 
? Structural parenchyma 
? Boundary parenchyma 
? Transport parenchyma 
? Medullary parenchyma 
? Storage parenchyma 
? Collenchyma 
? Properties of collenchyma 
? Types of collenchyma 
? Functions of collenchyma 
? Sclerenchyma 
° Fibres 
? Properties of fibres 
? Distribution 
? Type of fibres 
? Function 
° Sclereids 
? Type of sclereids 
? Function 
Page 3


 
Plant Tissues 
 
 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
0 
 
                                                                                                                 
 
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on 
Education Through ICT” 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Anatomy 
 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
 
Lesson: Plant Tissues 
Lesson Developer: Dr. Arun Kumar Maurya and Dr. Anita Rani 
Department/College: Dayal Singh College 
 
 
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Basudha Sharma 
Department/College: MM (PG) College,Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 
 
 
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar 
Department/College: Hindu College 
 
 
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
1 
Table of Contents  
Chapter: Plant Tissues 
? Introduction 
? Classification of Tissues 
? Simple tissue 
? Parenchyma 
? Distribution 
? Shape and arrangement  
? Structure and function  
? Synthetic parenchyma 
? Structural parenchyma 
? Boundary parenchyma 
? Transport parenchyma 
? Medullary parenchyma 
? Storage parenchyma 
? Collenchyma 
? Properties of collenchyma 
? Types of collenchyma 
? Functions of collenchyma 
? Sclerenchyma 
° Fibres 
? Properties of fibres 
? Distribution 
? Type of fibres 
? Function 
° Sclereids 
? Type of sclereids 
? Function 
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
2 
? Complex Tissue/ Vascular Tissue 
° Xylem 
? Tracheids 
? Vessel 
?  Xylem parenchyma 
?  Xylem fibres 
° Phloem 
? Sieve tube/Sieve cell 
? Companion cell/albuminous cell/strasburger cell 
? Phloem parenchyma  
? Phloem fibres 
? Summary 
? Glossary 
? Exercise 
? Multiple choice questions 
? References 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 4


 
Plant Tissues 
 
 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
0 
 
                                                                                                                 
 
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on 
Education Through ICT” 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Anatomy 
 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
 
Lesson: Plant Tissues 
Lesson Developer: Dr. Arun Kumar Maurya and Dr. Anita Rani 
Department/College: Dayal Singh College 
 
 
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Basudha Sharma 
Department/College: MM (PG) College,Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 
 
 
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar 
Department/College: Hindu College 
 
 
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
1 
Table of Contents  
Chapter: Plant Tissues 
? Introduction 
? Classification of Tissues 
? Simple tissue 
? Parenchyma 
? Distribution 
? Shape and arrangement  
? Structure and function  
? Synthetic parenchyma 
? Structural parenchyma 
? Boundary parenchyma 
? Transport parenchyma 
? Medullary parenchyma 
? Storage parenchyma 
? Collenchyma 
? Properties of collenchyma 
? Types of collenchyma 
? Functions of collenchyma 
? Sclerenchyma 
° Fibres 
? Properties of fibres 
? Distribution 
? Type of fibres 
? Function 
° Sclereids 
? Type of sclereids 
? Function 
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
2 
? Complex Tissue/ Vascular Tissue 
° Xylem 
? Tracheids 
? Vessel 
?  Xylem parenchyma 
?  Xylem fibres 
° Phloem 
? Sieve tube/Sieve cell 
? Companion cell/albuminous cell/strasburger cell 
? Phloem parenchyma  
? Phloem fibres 
? Summary 
? Glossary 
? Exercise 
? Multiple choice questions 
? References 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
3 
 
Introduction 
Cell is the smallest functional unit of life. In complex multicellular organisms, cells similar 
in structure and function are grouped together to form tissues. These tissues perform 
various functions of organs necessary for maintaining biological life. Thus, the plant body 
has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells. 
Classification of Tissues 
The wide variety in form and function of plant cells presents problems for the 
classification of cell types, tissues and tissue systems. Sometimes different types of cells 
have no well-defined boundaries between them and large numbers of intermediate forms 
can be seen. There is a continuum from one type of cells to other types. Some cells 
develop highly specialized, limited structures and functions, whereas others appear to 
carry out multiple functions and may even resume growth, cell division and 
differentiation. 
Some plant tissues are made up of only one type of cells called as “simple” tissues 
whereas others are composed of different cell types called as “complex” tissue. Thus, 
attempts have been made to classify tissues on the basis of mature structure, principal 
cell or tissue origin etc. Classification of plant cells and tissues are therefore artificial and 
should be viewed only for convenience of study and understanding. 
 
Page 5


 
Plant Tissues 
 
 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
0 
 
                                                                                                                 
 
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on 
Education Through ICT” 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Anatomy 
 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
 
Lesson: Plant Tissues 
Lesson Developer: Dr. Arun Kumar Maurya and Dr. Anita Rani 
Department/College: Dayal Singh College 
 
 
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Basudha Sharma 
Department/College: MM (PG) College,Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 
 
 
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar 
Department/College: Hindu College 
 
 
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
1 
Table of Contents  
Chapter: Plant Tissues 
? Introduction 
? Classification of Tissues 
? Simple tissue 
? Parenchyma 
? Distribution 
? Shape and arrangement  
? Structure and function  
? Synthetic parenchyma 
? Structural parenchyma 
? Boundary parenchyma 
? Transport parenchyma 
? Medullary parenchyma 
? Storage parenchyma 
? Collenchyma 
? Properties of collenchyma 
? Types of collenchyma 
? Functions of collenchyma 
? Sclerenchyma 
° Fibres 
? Properties of fibres 
? Distribution 
? Type of fibres 
? Function 
° Sclereids 
? Type of sclereids 
? Function 
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
2 
? Complex Tissue/ Vascular Tissue 
° Xylem 
? Tracheids 
? Vessel 
?  Xylem parenchyma 
?  Xylem fibres 
° Phloem 
? Sieve tube/Sieve cell 
? Companion cell/albuminous cell/strasburger cell 
? Phloem parenchyma  
? Phloem fibres 
? Summary 
? Glossary 
? Exercise 
? Multiple choice questions 
? References 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
3 
 
Introduction 
Cell is the smallest functional unit of life. In complex multicellular organisms, cells similar 
in structure and function are grouped together to form tissues. These tissues perform 
various functions of organs necessary for maintaining biological life. Thus, the plant body 
has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells. 
Classification of Tissues 
The wide variety in form and function of plant cells presents problems for the 
classification of cell types, tissues and tissue systems. Sometimes different types of cells 
have no well-defined boundaries between them and large numbers of intermediate forms 
can be seen. There is a continuum from one type of cells to other types. Some cells 
develop highly specialized, limited structures and functions, whereas others appear to 
carry out multiple functions and may even resume growth, cell division and 
differentiation. 
Some plant tissues are made up of only one type of cells called as “simple” tissues 
whereas others are composed of different cell types called as “complex” tissue. Thus, 
attempts have been made to classify tissues on the basis of mature structure, principal 
cell or tissue origin etc. Classification of plant cells and tissues are therefore artificial and 
should be viewed only for convenience of study and understanding. 
 
 
Plant Tissues 
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 
 
4 
Figure: Diagrammatic representation of different types of plant tissues. 
Source: http://lurnq.com/lesson/Anatomy-of-Flowering-Plants-Part-I-Tissues/ 
Tissues are made up of multiple cells having a common origin and all of them together 
perform a similar or a set of similar functions. Depending on the capacity to divide, 
tissues are classified into main types:- 
? Meristematic tissues 
? Permanent tissues 
Meristem is a group of actively dividing cells that do not form a specific organ but 
retained the capacity to divide and form new cells. Meristematic cells are compactly 
arranged without intercellular spaces.  They are present at the apices of root and shoot 
(apical meristem), between xylem and phloem (lateral meristem) and at leaf and node 
bases (intercalary meristem) and do not store any reserve food material. All the 
permanent cells formed are product of meristematic tissue that form specific tissue or 
organ and are unable to divide after they attained a permanent shape and size. Plants 
are composed of three types of tissue system: dermal, vascular and ground/fundamental 
tissue. Each system is continuous throughout the plant body. (See next chapter) 
Ground tissue is mainly composed of three basic cell types: Parenchyma, Collenchyma 
and Sclerenchyma. Plant cells possess structural adaptations that make specific functions 
possible and hence differentiate them from each other. This differentiation is evident 
within the protoplast, cell contents and by modification of cell walls.  
Simple Tissues 
Parenchyma 
Parenchyma (Para means “beside” and chyma means “infilling”) is a versatile ground 
tissue that constitutes the “filler” tissue in soft parts of the plants. The term parenchyma 
was first introduced by Nehemiah Grew in 1682 (Metcalfe, 1979). Ontogenetically 
parenchyma is the precursor of other tissues. The body of the primitive organisms is 
always parenchymatous. These cells when compared morphologically, developmentally 
and physiologically with other complex tissues are found to be relatively undifferentiated 
and unspecialized.