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Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
0
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on
Education Through ICT”
Discipline: Botany
Paper: Plant Anatomy
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla
Lesson: Trichomes and Stomata
Lesson Developer: Dr Smriti Singh
Department/College: Acharya Narender Dev College
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Girish Mishra
Department/College: Botany, University of Delhi
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar
Department/College: Hindu College
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
Page 2
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
0
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on
Education Through ICT”
Discipline: Botany
Paper: Plant Anatomy
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla
Lesson: Trichomes and Stomata
Lesson Developer: Dr Smriti Singh
Department/College: Acharya Narender Dev College
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Girish Mishra
Department/College: Botany, University of Delhi
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar
Department/College: Hindu College
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
Chapter: Trichomes and Stomata
? Trichomes
? Types
? Glandular trichomes
? Non glandular trivhomes
? Functions
? Stomata
? Types
? Functions
? Summary
? Glossary
? Exercise
? References
Page 3
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
0
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on
Education Through ICT”
Discipline: Botany
Paper: Plant Anatomy
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla
Lesson: Trichomes and Stomata
Lesson Developer: Dr Smriti Singh
Department/College: Acharya Narender Dev College
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Girish Mishra
Department/College: Botany, University of Delhi
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar
Department/College: Hindu College
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
Chapter: Trichomes and Stomata
? Trichomes
? Types
? Glandular trichomes
? Non glandular trivhomes
? Functions
? Stomata
? Types
? Functions
? Summary
? Glossary
? Exercise
? References
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
2
Trichomes
Trichomes are the unicellular or multicellular epidermal appendages that occur in various
morphological forms like hairs, scales, warts, papillae etc. They can be persistent or
ephemeral (fall off) e.g. Lantania verschaffeltii. They are found on almost all the above
ground parts (shoot) of the plant body. All the trichomes on a plant body are collectively
referred to as indumentums.
Different types of trichomes
Trichomes are of two types: glandular and non-glandular. Glandular trichomes secrete
water, salt, mucilage, nectar, alkaloid, terpenes, resins etc. They are also known as
secretory trichomes or glands. They can also be classified on the basis of number of cells
(unicellular/multicellular) and layers (uniseriate/multiseriate). Multicellular or multiseriate
trichomes are also known as shaggy e.g. Anabasis, Cleome.
Figure: Classification of trichomes
Glandular
Trichomes
(unicellular/multicellular)
epidermal appendages
Lipophilic
Ocimum,
Mentha
Non-glandular
Vesicular hair
(non-flattened)
Gossypium, Triticum
Squamiform
hair
(flattened)
Stellate
Styrax,
Platanus
T-shaped
Corokia,
Olearia
Scales
(sessile)
Croton,
Bromeliaceae
Peltate
(Stalked)
Oleo
Dendroid
Brassica,
Iberis
Hydrophilic
Atriplex,
Rumex
Page 4
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
0
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on
Education Through ICT”
Discipline: Botany
Paper: Plant Anatomy
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla
Lesson: Trichomes and Stomata
Lesson Developer: Dr Smriti Singh
Department/College: Acharya Narender Dev College
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Girish Mishra
Department/College: Botany, University of Delhi
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar
Department/College: Hindu College
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
Chapter: Trichomes and Stomata
? Trichomes
? Types
? Glandular trichomes
? Non glandular trivhomes
? Functions
? Stomata
? Types
? Functions
? Summary
? Glossary
? Exercise
? References
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
2
Trichomes
Trichomes are the unicellular or multicellular epidermal appendages that occur in various
morphological forms like hairs, scales, warts, papillae etc. They can be persistent or
ephemeral (fall off) e.g. Lantania verschaffeltii. They are found on almost all the above
ground parts (shoot) of the plant body. All the trichomes on a plant body are collectively
referred to as indumentums.
Different types of trichomes
Trichomes are of two types: glandular and non-glandular. Glandular trichomes secrete
water, salt, mucilage, nectar, alkaloid, terpenes, resins etc. They are also known as
secretory trichomes or glands. They can also be classified on the basis of number of cells
(unicellular/multicellular) and layers (uniseriate/multiseriate). Multicellular or multiseriate
trichomes are also known as shaggy e.g. Anabasis, Cleome.
Figure: Classification of trichomes
Glandular
Trichomes
(unicellular/multicellular)
epidermal appendages
Lipophilic
Ocimum,
Mentha
Non-glandular
Vesicular hair
(non-flattened)
Gossypium, Triticum
Squamiform
hair
(flattened)
Stellate
Styrax,
Platanus
T-shaped
Corokia,
Olearia
Scales
(sessile)
Croton,
Bromeliaceae
Peltate
(Stalked)
Oleo
Dendroid
Brassica,
Iberis
Hydrophilic
Atriplex,
Rumex
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
3
Figure: Different types of trichomes
Source: http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/~meicenrd/ANATOMY/Ch11_Secretory/trichomes.jpg
Glandular trichomes
These can be classified as hydrophilic and lipophilic, depending upon the nature of their
secretions. In the former type, the secretion is in the form of an aqueous solution, whereas,
the latter secrets resins, essential oils, waxes and lipids. Glandular trichomes consist of a
secretory apical bulbous cell attached to non-secretory stalk and basal cells. In some
species there are collecting cells which are modified epidermal cells. Similar to epidermal
cells, trichomes also have cuticle covering and secreted substances accumulate beneath the
Page 5
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
0
Lesson Prepared Under MHRD project “National Mission on
Education Through ICT”
Discipline: Botany
Paper: Plant Anatomy
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla
Lesson: Trichomes and Stomata
Lesson Developer: Dr Smriti Singh
Department/College: Acharya Narender Dev College
Lesson Reviewer: Dr Girish Mishra
Department/College: Botany, University of Delhi
Language Editor: Dr Sonal Bhatnagar
Department/College: Hindu College
Lesson Editor: Dr Rama Sisodia, Fellow in Botany ILLL
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
Chapter: Trichomes and Stomata
? Trichomes
? Types
? Glandular trichomes
? Non glandular trivhomes
? Functions
? Stomata
? Types
? Functions
? Summary
? Glossary
? Exercise
? References
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
2
Trichomes
Trichomes are the unicellular or multicellular epidermal appendages that occur in various
morphological forms like hairs, scales, warts, papillae etc. They can be persistent or
ephemeral (fall off) e.g. Lantania verschaffeltii. They are found on almost all the above
ground parts (shoot) of the plant body. All the trichomes on a plant body are collectively
referred to as indumentums.
Different types of trichomes
Trichomes are of two types: glandular and non-glandular. Glandular trichomes secrete
water, salt, mucilage, nectar, alkaloid, terpenes, resins etc. They are also known as
secretory trichomes or glands. They can also be classified on the basis of number of cells
(unicellular/multicellular) and layers (uniseriate/multiseriate). Multicellular or multiseriate
trichomes are also known as shaggy e.g. Anabasis, Cleome.
Figure: Classification of trichomes
Glandular
Trichomes
(unicellular/multicellular)
epidermal appendages
Lipophilic
Ocimum,
Mentha
Non-glandular
Vesicular hair
(non-flattened)
Gossypium, Triticum
Squamiform
hair
(flattened)
Stellate
Styrax,
Platanus
T-shaped
Corokia,
Olearia
Scales
(sessile)
Croton,
Bromeliaceae
Peltate
(Stalked)
Oleo
Dendroid
Brassica,
Iberis
Hydrophilic
Atriplex,
Rumex
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
3
Figure: Different types of trichomes
Source: http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/~meicenrd/ANATOMY/Ch11_Secretory/trichomes.jpg
Glandular trichomes
These can be classified as hydrophilic and lipophilic, depending upon the nature of their
secretions. In the former type, the secretion is in the form of an aqueous solution, whereas,
the latter secrets resins, essential oils, waxes and lipids. Glandular trichomes consist of a
secretory apical bulbous cell attached to non-secretory stalk and basal cells. In some
species there are collecting cells which are modified epidermal cells. Similar to epidermal
cells, trichomes also have cuticle covering and secreted substances accumulate beneath the
Trichomes and Stomata
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi
4
cuticle, which are secreted out subsequently either by rupture of cuticle or through pores in
it.
Hydrophilic type
1) Salt secreting trichomes: These are very common in halophytes and marshy plants
such as Tamarix, Avicenna and Atriplex. They secrete out the excess salt and help in
maintaining the osmolarity. In Atriplex salt secreting structure consists of a stalk of two to
three cells and a vesiculate head which has large vacuoles where the salt solution
accumulates. Once they are full of salt, the trichome withers away and the stalk remains on
the leaf surface as a salty deposit.
Figure: Salt gland in Atriplex B- bladder, C- cuticle, Ch- chlorophyll, E- epidermal cells, M-
mitochondria, P- plasmodesmata, v- vacuole
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/thumb/0/00/Halophyt02_003.jpg/220px-
Halophyt02_003.jpg
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FAQs on Lecture 9 - Trichomes and Stomata - Plant Anatomy - Biotechnology Engineering (BT)
| 1. What are trichomes and stomata in plant biology? |  |
Ans. Trichomes are small hair-like structures that can be found on the surface of leaves, stems, and other plant parts. They serve various functions such as reducing water loss, protecting against herbivores, and providing shade. Stomata, on the other hand, are tiny pores found on the surface of plant leaves and stems. They regulate the exchange of gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as water vapor.
| 2. How are trichomes and stomata important in biotechnology engineering? | |
Ans. Trichomes and stomata play significant roles in biotechnology engineering. Trichomes can be manipulated to enhance the production of medicinal compounds, such as cannabinoids in cannabis plants. By modifying the trichome density or size, biotechnologists can increase the yield of these valuable compounds. Stomata, on the other hand, are crucial for optimizing photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in crops, which can be improved through biotechnological approaches.
| 3. Can trichomes and stomata be engineered to improve crop traits? | |
Ans. Yes, trichomes and stomata can be engineered to improve crop traits. For example, by manipulating the density or type of trichomes, scientists can enhance resistance against pests and diseases. Similarly, controlling stomatal density or behavior can improve a plant's water-use efficiency, allowing it to better withstand drought conditions. Biotechnology offers tools for genetic modification and genome editing that can be employed to achieve these desired traits.
| 4. How do trichomes and stomata contribute to plant defense mechanisms? | |
Ans. Trichomes serve as physical barriers against herbivores, making it difficult for them to feed on plants. Some trichomes also produce toxic or irritating substances that deter herbivores. Stomata, on the other hand, can close in response to herbivore attack or pathogen invasion, reducing the entry points for these attackers. By triggering defense responses, trichomes and stomata contribute to the plant's overall defense mechanisms.
| 5. Are there any disadvantages to manipulating trichomes and stomata in plants? | |
Ans. While there are potential benefits to manipulating trichomes and stomata, there can also be disadvantages. Altering trichome density or size may inadvertently affect other plant traits or disrupt ecological interactions, such as pollination. Manipulating stomatal behavior could also have unintended consequences on a plant's overall physiology or susceptibility to certain stresses. Therefore, careful consideration and thorough research are necessary to minimize any potential negative impacts when engineering trichomes and stomata in plants.
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