Levelling & Contouring | Geomatics Engineering (Surveying) - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download

Levelling

Definitions

1. Reduced level: The elevation of a point with respect to either Mean Sea Level (MSL) or with respect to a fixed point of known height is called reduced level.
2. Bench mark: Bench mark is relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with respect to some assumed datum is known. It is used either as a starting point for leveling or as a point upon which to close as a check.
3. Back sight: After setting up the instrument Ist reading taken is called back sight. It is also known as plus sight.
4. Fore sight: Last reading taken from an instrument station is called fore sight. It is also known as minus sight.
5. Intermediate sight: All readings other than back sight and fore sight are intermediate sight.
6. Height of instrument: It is the Reduced Level (RL) of line of sight of the instrument set up at different stations.
   H.I = R.L + B.S
   R.L = H.I – F.S

Arithmetic Check

1. For rise and fall method
   ∑B.S - ∑F.S = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = Last R.L – First R.L
2. Height of instrument method
   ∑ B.S - ∑ F.S = Last R.L – First R.L

Reciprocal LevellingHere, X = error due to inclined line of sight, and
e = error due to curvature and refraction

1. When instrument is set up at A
   Reading on staff at A = h_A
   Reading on staff at B = h_B
2. When an instrument is set up at B
   Reading on staff at A = h’_A
   Reading on staff at B = h’_B
   h_A – h_B = h’_A – h’_B If instrument is correct.
   
   Here ‘H’ is the true difference of R.L between A and B.
3. True Readings
    

Curvature Correction (C_C)

C_C = -(d²/2R)
Here, d = horizontal distance between A and B
R = radius of earth
If R = 6370 km
Than C_C = -0.07849d²
here ‘C_C’ is in meter and ‘d’ is in kilometer

1. Refraction Correction (C_R)
   C_R = +(1/7)C_C
   
   Here d is in kilometer.
2. Combined Correction Due to Curvature and Refraction (C)
   C = -0.06728d² meter Here d is in kilometer.
3. Distance of Visible Horizon

   
   

   d = 3.8553√ckm
   Here ‘C’ being in meters. (taking both curvature and refraction into accounts)
   

Sensitiveness of Bubble Tube

Sensitiveness of the bubble tube is defined as the angular value of one division of the bubble tube.
α' = sensitivity of the bubble tube
= angular value of one division
α' = S/nD x 206265 seconds
Or α'= S/nDsin1"  seconds

Here, S = difference between two staff readings.
n = no. of divisions of bubble
also, α' = l/R radian or α' = l/Rsin1" seconds
where, l = length of one division
R = radius of curvature of bubble tube.

Contouring

1. Contours: Contour is an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation on earth surface.
2. Contour interval: Vertical distance between two contour is called contour internal.
3. Some suitable value of contour intervals 
4. Contour internal for various purposes are suggested as:
   
   Contour interval = (25/No. of cm per km)metres
   Contour interval = (50/No. of inches per mile)feet