Light Class 8 Notes Science Chapter 13

What Makes Things Visible?

Have you ever wondered how are we able to see the world around us? And why is it difficult to see things at night? 

Light is a form of energy which enables to see various things present in our surroundings. Some objects emit light of their own, like fire, while other objects simply reflect light. Therefore, all objects can be classified as:

1. Luminous objects are objects which emit light of their own.
Example: Sun, bulb, tube light.

2. Non-luminous objects are objects which reflect light from other sources. They do not emit light of their own.
Example: Moon, tree, table, painting.

Reflection of Light

• The ray of light which falls on the mirror surface is called an incident ray. 
• The point at which the incident ray strikes the mirror is called the point of incidence. 
• The ray of light which is sent back by the mirror is called the reflected ray. 
• The ‘normal’ is a line drawn at right angles to the mirror surface at the point of incidence. 
• The angle between the incident ray and normal is called the angle of incidence. 
• The angle between the reflected ray and normal is called the angle of reflection.

Reflection of Light by a Plane Mirror

Laws of Reflection

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal (at the point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.

Image Formation in a Plane Mirror

Have you ever wondered how are we able to see images in the mirror? It is when the light on the mirror is reflected to the eyes. Let's learn about this step-by-step:

1. Imagine a source of light O, from which OA and OB are incident. 
2. On drawing normals from points A and B, we find that the light is reflected to the eye with reflected rays AC and BD.
3. On extending the reflecting rays backwards, we see that meet at an imaginary or virtual point 'I'.
4. The object 'O', therefore, is formed virtually for the viewer at point 'I'. 

Image Formation in a Plane Mirror

Properties of the image formed:

• The image obtained is virtual.
• The image is laterally inverted. Lateral inversion is when the left and right sides of an image are flipped when you look at it in a mirror. 
• The image is erect.
• The size of the image is the same as the size of the object.
• The distance between the image obtained from the mirror is the same as the distance between the object from the mirror.

Plane Mirror

• Surface Type: Occurs on smooth, shiny surfaces like mirrors or calm water.
• Reflection Behavior: The reflected rays remain parallel to each other.
• Image Formation: Produces a clear and sharp image, like the reflection you see in a mirror.
• Example: Looking at yourself in a mirror.
  

• Surface Type: Occurs on rough, uneven surfaces like paper, wood, or a wall.
• Reflection Behavior: The reflected rays scatter in many different directions.
• Image Formation: Does not produce a clear image; instead, it causes the surface to look uniformly lit.
• Example: Light reflecting off a wall or a piece of paper.

Diffused Reflection

Reflected Light can be Reflected Again

Imagine you are at your hair dresser's. To show you how it looks from the back, the hairdresser uses two mirrors. 

How It Works:

1. First Mirror (In Front of You):

   • The hairdresser holds up a mirror behind your head. The light from your haircut reflects off this mirror.
   • But since this mirror is behind you, you can't see the reflection directly.

2. Second Mirror (In Front of You):

   • There is another mirror in front of you. The light that reflected off the mirror behind you now reflects off this mirror as well.
   • This second reflection sends the image of your haircut to your eyes.

Result:

• The light bounces (or reflects) twice—first off the mirror behind you, then off the mirror in front of you.
• Because of this double reflection, you can see the back of your head in the front mirror.

Multiple reflections of light

Based on the same principle, a cool device called periscope has been innovated.  

A periscope is a device that uses a long tube and mirrors, and lets you see things that are hidden or out of sight, like over a wall.

How It Works:

• It has two mirrors inside a long tube. One mirror at the top catches the light from the object and reflects it down to the second mirror.
• The second mirror then reflects the light into your eyes, so you can see what’s on the other side.

For example, in a submarine, a periscope helps you see above water while staying hidden underwater.

Multiple Images

• When two or more mirrors are placed at an angle to one another, we can see multiple images of an object.
• If two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle q, then the number of images formed in them is given by the formula: 
  No. of images formed = (360⁰/ q) - 1
• If the given two mirrors are at a right angle to each other, 3 images will be obtained. If the given mirrors are at 60° angle, we shall get 5 images.
  
• When the two mirrors are kept opposite and parallel to each other, we will get an infinite number of images formed.

Multiple images formed by mirrors

Kaleidoscope

The kaleidoscope is an instrument which produce multiple reflections of coloured glass pieces (or coloured plastic pieces) and creates beautiful patterns. 

Kaleidoscope changing pattern of colourful images

Construction: The Kaleidoscope consists of three long and narrow strips of plane mirrors inclined at 60⁰  to one another forming a hollow prism, and fitted into a cardboard tube. One end of the cardboard tube is closed by an opaque disc (cardboard disc) having a small hole at its centre. The other end of the cardboard tube is closed with circular discs of glass. The inner disc being of transparent glass (clear glass) and the outer disc of ground glass (translucent glass). A number of small pieces of different coloured glass (or plastic) and having different shapes are kept between the two glass discs (which can move around freely in the space between the two glass discs). When we hold the kaleidoscope tube towards light and look inside it through the small hole, we see beautiful patterns of coloured glass.

Patterns formed by Kaleidoscope

Sunlight - White or Coloured?

The splitting up of white light into seven colors on passing through a transparent medium like a glass prism is called dispersion of light. The seven colours of the spectrum of white light are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.

Dispersion of Light 

Parts of the Eye and their Functions

Rods and Cones

• Rods are the rod-shaped cells present in the retina of an eye which are sensitive to dim light.
• Cones are the cone-shaped cells present in the retina of an eye which are sensitive to bright light. Cones also cause the sensation of color of objects in our eyes.

Rods and Cones present in the Retina of the Eye

Blindspot

Blindspot

The image of an object seen by our eyes persists {or remains}on the retina for about 1/16th of a second even after the object has disappeared from our view. The ability of an eye to continue to see the image of an object for a very shot duration even after the object has disappeared from view, is called persistence of vision.
Persistence of Vision

Defects of the Eye

• Myopia (short-sightedness) : In this defect the person is able to see the near by objects but not able to see the far-off objects.
  This defect can be corrected by using spectacles containing Concave lens.
  
• Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness) : In this defect the person is able to see the far-off objects but not able to see the near by objects.
  This defect can be corrected by using spectacles containing Convex lens.
  

  Myopia and Hypermetropia

• Cataract: Cataract develops when the eye lens of person becomes cloudy (or even opaque) due to the formation of membrane over it. Cataract decreases the vision of the eye gradually. It can even lead to total loss of vision of the eye. The opaque lens is removed from the eye of the person by surgical operation & a new artificial lens is inserted in its place.

Care of the Eyes

• It is necessary that we take proper care of our eyes. If there is any problem we should go to an eye specialist. 
• Too little or too much light is bad for eyes. Insufficient light causes eyestrain and headaches. Too much light, like that of the sun, a powerful lamp or a laser torch can injure the retina. 
• Never rub eyes. If particles of dust go into eyes, wash eyes with clean water. If there is no improvement go to a doctor. Wash eyes frequently with clean water.
• Always read at the normal distance for vision. Do not read by bringing book too close to eyes or keeping it too far.
• Lack of vitamin A in foodstuff is responsible for many eye troubles. Most common amongst them is night blindness. One should, therefore, include in the diet components which have vitamin A. Raw carrots, broccoli and green vegetables (such as spinach) and cod liver oil are rich in vitamin A. 

Visually Challenged Persons can Read and Write

Some people, including children, may be visually impaired, having only limited vision. Some individuals are born blind, while others may lose their sight due to illness. Over time, many visually impaired individuals develop these other senses—touch, hearing, and sometimes even smell and taste—more acutely. This heightened sensitivity helps them navigate the world with greater confidence and independence. 

However, with the help of additional resources, they can further enhance their abilities.

What is the Braille System?

• Braille is a system to read and write for visually impaired people.
• Consists of 63 dot patterns or characters.
• These patterns are embossed in braille sheets that can be recognized on touch.
• The dots are raised in order to make it easier to touch.