Courses

# Linear Ordinary Differential Equations of First and Second Order (Part - 3), UGC - NET Physics Physics Notes | EduRev

## Physics for IIT JAM, UGC - NET, CSIR NET

Created by: Akhilesh Thakur

## Physics : Linear Ordinary Differential Equations of First and Second Order (Part - 3), UGC - NET Physics Physics Notes | EduRev

The document Linear Ordinary Differential Equations of First and Second Order (Part - 3), UGC - NET Physics Physics Notes | EduRev is a part of the Physics Course Physics for IIT JAM, UGC - NET, CSIR NET.
All you need of Physics at this link: Physics

Exact Equations

Review on partial derivatives and Chain Rules for functions of 2 variables.

Consider a function f (x, y). We use these notations for the partial derivatives:

and correspondingly the higher derivatives:

and the cross derivatives

where we have the identity

Now, consider x = x(t) and y = y(t), and we form a composite function as f (x(t), y(t)).

We see that f now depends only on t.

Chain Rule:

Example 1. Let f (x, y) = x2y2 + ex, and x(t) = t2, y(t) = et , and consider the composite function f (x(t), y(t)). Compute

Answer. We ﬁrst compute the derivatives

By the Chain Rule, we compute

Special case: If y = y(x), then the composite function f (x, y(x)) will follow this form of Chain Rule

Example 2. Let y(x) be the unknown. Consider the equation

6x + exy2 + 2exyy′ = 0

We see that the equation is NOT linear. It is NOT separable either. None of the methods we know can solve it.

However, deﬁne the function

ψ(x, y) = 3x2 + exy2

We notice that

ψx = 6x + exy2, ψy = 2ex y and the equation can be written as

ψx (x, y) + ψy (x, y)y′ = 0.

Since y = y(x), we apply the Chain Rule to the composite function ψ(x, y(x)) and get

which is the left-hand side of the equation. By the diﬀerential equation, we now have

where C is an arbitrary constant, to be determined by initial condition. We have found the solution in an implicit form :

3x2 + exy= C.

In this example, we are even able to write out the solution in an explicit form by algebraic manipulation

Here, the choice of + or  − sign should be determined by initial condition.

Deﬁnition of an exact equation. En equation in the form

M (x, y) + N (x, y)y′ = 0

is called exact if there exists a function ψ(x, y) such that ψx = M and ψy = N .

How to check if an equation is exact? By the identity ψxy = ψyx, we must have My (x, y) = Nx(x, y).

How to solve it? Need to ﬁnd the function ψ, then we get implicit solution

ψ(x, y) = C.

How to ﬁnd ψ? By using the facts that

ψx = M (x, y), ψy = N (x, y) and integrate. We will see this through an example.

Example 3. Check if the following equation is exact (2x + 3y) + (x − 2y)y′ = 0.

M (x, y) = 2x + 3y, N (x, y) = x − 2y.

Then

My = 3, Nx = 1, M≠ Nx,

so the equation is not exact.

Remark 1. Consider a separable equation:

Multiply both sides by g(y) and re-arranging terms, we get

f (x) − g(y)y′ = 0.

Now we check if this equation is exact. Clearly, we have fy = 0 and gx = 0, so it is exact. We may conclude that all separable equations can be rewritten into an exact equation.

Remark 2. However, the exactness of an equation is up to manipulation. Consider the separable equation in Remark 1, and rewrite the equation now into

So now we have

Since Nx = 0 and My = 0 in general, the equation is not exact.

So, be careful. When you say an equation is exact, you must specify in which form you present your equation.

Example 4. Consider the equation

(2x + y) + (x + 2y)y′ = 0

(1) Is it exact? (2) If yes, ﬁnd the solution with the initial condition y(1) = 1.

Answer.(1).  We have M = 2x + y and N = x + 2y, so My = 1 and Nx = 1, so the equation is exact.

(2). To solve it, we need to ﬁnd the function ψ.

We have ψx = 2x + y, ψy = x + 2y.             (A)

Integrating the ﬁrst equation in x:

(Review: To perform a partial integration in x, we treat y as a constant. Therefore, the integration constant could depend on y since it is a constant. That’s why we add h(y), a function of y, to the anti-derivative.)

To determine h(y), we use the second equation in (A).

ψy = x + h′ (y) = x + 2y, h′ (y) = 2y, h(y) = y2.

Therefore

ψ = x2 + xy + y2

and the implicit solution is

x2 + xy + y2 = C.

Finally, we determine the constant C by initial condition. Plug in x = 1, y = 1, we get C = 3, so the implicit solution is

x2 + xy + y2 = 3.

Example 5. Given equation

(xy2 + bx2 y) + (x + y)x2 y′ = 0. (1)

Find the values of b such that the equation is exact. (2) Solve it with that value of b.

M (x, y) = xy2 + bx2y, N (x, y) = x3 + x2y

so

My = 2xy + bx2, Nx = 3x+ 2xy

We see that we must have b = 3 to ensure My = Nx which would make the equation exact. (2). We now set b = 3. To solve the equation, we need to ﬁnd the function ψ. We have

ψ= xy2 + 3x2y, ψy = x+ x2y.

Integrating the ﬁrst equation in x:

To ﬁnd h(y), we use ψy :

ψy = x2y + x3 + h′(y) = N= 3x+ 2xy

We must have h′ (y) = 0, so we can use h(y) = 0.

The implicit solution is

where C is arbitrary, to be determined by initial condition.

159 docs

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

;