NCERT Book: Measurement and Evaluation | NCERT Books & Solutions for Humanities - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


Tournamen Ts  
and  
Compe Ti Tions 10
You may have heard about tournaments that are organised 
for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard 
about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football 
or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and 
state level and even at local level. You or your friends may 
have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments 
for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and 
Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels.
A tournament is a competition held among different teams 
in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule 
where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments 
are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock-
out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C 
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round 
Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League), 
Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out, 
Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum 
League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid).
While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted, 
the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type 
of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into 
consideration.
Different types of tournaments with their merits and 
demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been 
described in this chapter.
Knoc K out or Elimination t ournam Ent Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once defeated, 
are eliminated and not given another chance to play. 
Activity 10.1
Collect information about the 
types of tournaments played at 
school level in different games 
and sports.
Chap-10.indd   300 31-07-2020   15:46:00
2024-25
Page 2


Tournamen Ts  
and  
Compe Ti Tions 10
You may have heard about tournaments that are organised 
for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard 
about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football 
or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and 
state level and even at local level. You or your friends may 
have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments 
for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and 
Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels.
A tournament is a competition held among different teams 
in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule 
where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments 
are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock-
out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C 
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round 
Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League), 
Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out, 
Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum 
League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid).
While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted, 
the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type 
of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into 
consideration.
Different types of tournaments with their merits and 
demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been 
described in this chapter.
Knoc K out or Elimination t ournam Ent Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once defeated, 
are eliminated and not given another chance to play. 
Activity 10.1
Collect information about the 
types of tournaments played at 
school level in different games 
and sports.
Chap-10.indd   300 31-07-2020   15:46:00
2024-25
Tournaments and Competitions 301
Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1, 
where N is the number of teams competing.
For example, if N = 13
Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12
Method of Drawing Fixtures
 1. Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams competing 
is decided by the power of two, viz. 2, 2
2
, 2
3
, 2
4
, 2
5
, 2
6
, 
… etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … respectively.
 2. Suppose 16 teams have entered for a tournament, 
there will be no byes i.e. 16 – 16 = 0.
 3. If the number of teams participating is not a power of 
2, the byes will be given to a specific number of teams 
in the first round.
 4. The number of ‘Byes’ to be given is decided by 
subtracting the number of teams from its next 
higher number which is the power of two. For 
example, if 13 teams entered for a competition,  
number of Byes = 16 – 13 = 3 and for 25 teams, number 
of Byes = 32 – 25 = 7
Seeding
Single Knock out Fixture for 8 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IRd. II Rd. III Rd.
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
Upper Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
Lower Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
No. of matches= N-1= 8-1=7
No. of matches = N–1 = 8–1 = 7
Chap-10.indd   301 31-07-2020   15:46:01
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Page 3


Tournamen Ts  
and  
Compe Ti Tions 10
You may have heard about tournaments that are organised 
for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard 
about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football 
or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and 
state level and even at local level. You or your friends may 
have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments 
for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and 
Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels.
A tournament is a competition held among different teams 
in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule 
where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments 
are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock-
out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C 
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round 
Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League), 
Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out, 
Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum 
League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid).
While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted, 
the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type 
of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into 
consideration.
Different types of tournaments with their merits and 
demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been 
described in this chapter.
Knoc K out or Elimination t ournam Ent Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once defeated, 
are eliminated and not given another chance to play. 
Activity 10.1
Collect information about the 
types of tournaments played at 
school level in different games 
and sports.
Chap-10.indd   300 31-07-2020   15:46:00
2024-25
Tournaments and Competitions 301
Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1, 
where N is the number of teams competing.
For example, if N = 13
Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12
Method of Drawing Fixtures
 1. Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams competing 
is decided by the power of two, viz. 2, 2
2
, 2
3
, 2
4
, 2
5
, 2
6
, 
… etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … respectively.
 2. Suppose 16 teams have entered for a tournament, 
there will be no byes i.e. 16 – 16 = 0.
 3. If the number of teams participating is not a power of 
2, the byes will be given to a specific number of teams 
in the first round.
 4. The number of ‘Byes’ to be given is decided by 
subtracting the number of teams from its next 
higher number which is the power of two. For 
example, if 13 teams entered for a competition,  
number of Byes = 16 – 13 = 3 and for 25 teams, number 
of Byes = 32 – 25 = 7
Seeding
Single Knock out Fixture for 8 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IRd. II Rd. III Rd.
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
Upper Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
Lower Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
No. of matches= N-1= 8-1=7
No. of matches = N–1 = 8–1 = 7
Chap-10.indd   301 31-07-2020   15:46:01
2024-25
Health and Physical Education - XI 302
Single Knock out Fixture for 10 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
Single Knock out Fixture for 11 Teams
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
Chap-10.indd   302 31-07-2020   15:46:02
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Page 4


Tournamen Ts  
and  
Compe Ti Tions 10
You may have heard about tournaments that are organised 
for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard 
about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football 
or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and 
state level and even at local level. You or your friends may 
have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments 
for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and 
Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels.
A tournament is a competition held among different teams 
in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule 
where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments 
are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock-
out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C 
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round 
Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League), 
Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out, 
Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum 
League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid).
While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted, 
the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type 
of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into 
consideration.
Different types of tournaments with their merits and 
demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been 
described in this chapter.
Knoc K out or Elimination t ournam Ent Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once defeated, 
are eliminated and not given another chance to play. 
Activity 10.1
Collect information about the 
types of tournaments played at 
school level in different games 
and sports.
Chap-10.indd   300 31-07-2020   15:46:00
2024-25
Tournaments and Competitions 301
Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1, 
where N is the number of teams competing.
For example, if N = 13
Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12
Method of Drawing Fixtures
 1. Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams competing 
is decided by the power of two, viz. 2, 2
2
, 2
3
, 2
4
, 2
5
, 2
6
, 
… etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … respectively.
 2. Suppose 16 teams have entered for a tournament, 
there will be no byes i.e. 16 – 16 = 0.
 3. If the number of teams participating is not a power of 
2, the byes will be given to a specific number of teams 
in the first round.
 4. The number of ‘Byes’ to be given is decided by 
subtracting the number of teams from its next 
higher number which is the power of two. For 
example, if 13 teams entered for a competition,  
number of Byes = 16 – 13 = 3 and for 25 teams, number 
of Byes = 32 – 25 = 7
Seeding
Single Knock out Fixture for 8 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IRd. II Rd. III Rd.
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
Upper Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
Lower Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
No. of matches= N-1= 8-1=7
No. of matches = N–1 = 8–1 = 7
Chap-10.indd   301 31-07-2020   15:46:01
2024-25
Health and Physical Education - XI 302
Single Knock out Fixture for 10 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
Single Knock out Fixture for 11 Teams
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
Chap-10.indd   302 31-07-2020   15:46:02
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Tournaments and Competitions 303
Activity 10.2
 • Draw a fixture of nine 
teams for a Single 
Knock-out tourament 
and show it to your 
teacher.
 •Collect information 
about the rules and 
regulations for drawing 
fixtures in Inter School 
Competitions.
Procedure of giving byes
Ist Bye — Bottom of the lower half
IInd Bye — Top of the upper half
IIIrd Bye — Top of the bottom half
IVth Bye — Bottom of the upper half
This process continues in case the number of byes are more 
than four.
A knock-out fixture is usually drawn by lots and if it is drawn 
purely on the basis of lots without considering the standards 
of the teams, strong teams may meet each other in the earlier 
rounds, hence allowing the weaker teams reaching upto 
semifinals resulting in unfair and uninteresting competition. 
To avoid this, seeding is done. Seeding is sorting of strong 
teams and fitting them into the fixtures so that these teams 
do not meet in the earlier rounds.
If there is no marked difference in the standard of the 
seeded teams, then these teams are distributed in the fixture 
by lots among them.
Table 1: Number of Teams in each Quarter
Dividend 
and Divisor
Remainder
No. of teams in each quarter
I II III IV
N ÷ 4 0 Q Q Q Q
N ÷ 4 1 Q + 1 Q Q Q
N ÷ 4 2 Q + 1 Q Q + 1 Q
N ÷ 4 3 Q + 1 Q + 1 Q + 1 Q
(N = No. of Teams,  Q = Quotient)
No. of Teams/entries  5 to 8
     = 2×2×2 = 2
3
     
= 3 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries  9 to 16
     = 2×2×2×2 = 2
4
     
= 4 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries  17 to 32
     = 2×2×2×2×2 = 2
5
     = 5 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries   33 to 64
     = 2×2×2×2×2×2 = 2
6
     
= 6 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries  65 to 129
     = 2×2×2×2×2×2×2 = 2
7
     = 7 Rounds
Chap-10.indd   303 31-07-2020   15:46:02
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Page 5


Tournamen Ts  
and  
Compe Ti Tions 10
You may have heard about tournaments that are organised 
for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard 
about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football 
or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and 
state level and even at local level. You or your friends may 
have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments 
for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and 
Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels.
A tournament is a competition held among different teams 
in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule 
where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments 
are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock-
out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C 
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round 
Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League), 
Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out, 
Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum 
League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid).
While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted, 
the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type 
of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into 
consideration.
Different types of tournaments with their merits and 
demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been 
described in this chapter.
Knoc K out or Elimination t ournam Ent Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once defeated, 
are eliminated and not given another chance to play. 
Activity 10.1
Collect information about the 
types of tournaments played at 
school level in different games 
and sports.
Chap-10.indd   300 31-07-2020   15:46:00
2024-25
Tournaments and Competitions 301
Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1, 
where N is the number of teams competing.
For example, if N = 13
Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12
Method of Drawing Fixtures
 1. Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams competing 
is decided by the power of two, viz. 2, 2
2
, 2
3
, 2
4
, 2
5
, 2
6
, 
… etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … respectively.
 2. Suppose 16 teams have entered for a tournament, 
there will be no byes i.e. 16 – 16 = 0.
 3. If the number of teams participating is not a power of 
2, the byes will be given to a specific number of teams 
in the first round.
 4. The number of ‘Byes’ to be given is decided by 
subtracting the number of teams from its next 
higher number which is the power of two. For 
example, if 13 teams entered for a competition,  
number of Byes = 16 – 13 = 3 and for 25 teams, number 
of Byes = 32 – 25 = 7
Seeding
Single Knock out Fixture for 8 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IRd. II Rd. III Rd.
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
Upper Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
Lower Half =
N
2
=
8
2
=4 Teams
No. of matches= N-1= 8-1=7
No. of matches = N–1 = 8–1 = 7
Chap-10.indd   301 31-07-2020   15:46:01
2024-25
Health and Physical Education - XI 302
Single Knock out Fixture for 10 Teams
Round I Round II Round III
Single Knock out Fixture for 11 Teams
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
Chap-10.indd   302 31-07-2020   15:46:02
2024-25
Tournaments and Competitions 303
Activity 10.2
 • Draw a fixture of nine 
teams for a Single 
Knock-out tourament 
and show it to your 
teacher.
 •Collect information 
about the rules and 
regulations for drawing 
fixtures in Inter School 
Competitions.
Procedure of giving byes
Ist Bye — Bottom of the lower half
IInd Bye — Top of the upper half
IIIrd Bye — Top of the bottom half
IVth Bye — Bottom of the upper half
This process continues in case the number of byes are more 
than four.
A knock-out fixture is usually drawn by lots and if it is drawn 
purely on the basis of lots without considering the standards 
of the teams, strong teams may meet each other in the earlier 
rounds, hence allowing the weaker teams reaching upto 
semifinals resulting in unfair and uninteresting competition. 
To avoid this, seeding is done. Seeding is sorting of strong 
teams and fitting them into the fixtures so that these teams 
do not meet in the earlier rounds.
If there is no marked difference in the standard of the 
seeded teams, then these teams are distributed in the fixture 
by lots among them.
Table 1: Number of Teams in each Quarter
Dividend 
and Divisor
Remainder
No. of teams in each quarter
I II III IV
N ÷ 4 0 Q Q Q Q
N ÷ 4 1 Q + 1 Q Q Q
N ÷ 4 2 Q + 1 Q Q + 1 Q
N ÷ 4 3 Q + 1 Q + 1 Q + 1 Q
(N = No. of Teams,  Q = Quotient)
No. of Teams/entries  5 to 8
     = 2×2×2 = 2
3
     
= 3 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries  9 to 16
     = 2×2×2×2 = 2
4
     
= 4 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries  17 to 32
     = 2×2×2×2×2 = 2
5
     = 5 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries   33 to 64
     = 2×2×2×2×2×2 = 2
6
     
= 6 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries  65 to 129
     = 2×2×2×2×2×2×2 = 2
7
     = 7 Rounds
Chap-10.indd   303 31-07-2020   15:46:02
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Health and Physical Education - XI 304
Merits and Demerits of Single Knock out or Elimination 
Tournament
Merits
 (i) Tournament finishes in a short time.
 (ii) There will be economy of expenditure.
 (iii) The competition will be keen and intense due to the 
fear of elimination of a team from the tournament, 
when defeated.
Demerits
 (i) A team may be eliminated by chance and will not get 
another chance to play.
 (ii) If the fixture is drawn purely by lots, there is a 
possibility of matches between strong teams in the 
earlier rounds, which would get eliminated, thus 
weaker teams reaching Semifinals or the Finals.
 (iii) Winner of a match/round may have to wait for the 
winner of another match to play the next round. 
Special Seeding
When some top ranking players or teams participate in 
a tournament, the fixtures are generally drawn in such a 
manner that these players or teams play directly at Quarter 
Finals or Semifinals stage. 
A fixture of 24 teams participating in a tournament 
including 4 teams, i.e., 1, 12, 13 and 24, are given special 
seeding direct at the Quarter Finals stage.
For deciding the number of byes for the fixture of 
special seeding, first subtract the number of teams that are 
given special seeding (4) from the total number of teams 
participating (24), i.e., 24 – 4 = 20.
Now, Number of Byes = 32 – 20 = 12 Byes.
Chap-10.indd   304 31-07-2020   15:46:02
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