NCERT Textbook - नीतिनवनीतम् | संस्कृत कक्षा 8 (Sanskrit Class 8) PDF Download

 Page 1


uhfruouhre~
¹izLrqr ikB ^euqLe`fr* osQ dfri; 'yksdksa dk ladyu gS tks lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls
vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ ekrk&firk rFkk xqjQtuksa dks vknj vkSj lsok ls izlUu djus
okys vfHkoknu'khy euq"; dks feyus okys ykHk dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vfrfjDr
lq[k&nq[k esa leku jguk] vUrjkRek dks vkufUnr djus okys dk;Z djuk rFkk blosQ
foijhr dk;ksZa dks R;kxuk] lE;o~Q fopkjksijkUr rFkk lR;ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,
dk;Z djuk vkfn f'k"Vkpkjksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSAº
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~ AA1AA
;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs lEHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% 'kD;k drZqa o"kZ'krSjfi AA2AA
r;ksfuZR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZnkpk;ZL; p loZnkA
rs"oso f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% loZa lekI;rs AA3AA
loZa ijo'ka nq%[ka loZekReo'ka lq[ke~A
,rf}|kRleklsu y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks% AA4AA
;RdeZ oqQoZrks¿L; L;kRifjrks"kks¿UrjkReu%A
rRiz;Rusu oqQohZr foijhra rq otZ;sr~ AA5AA
n`f"Viwra U;lsRikna oL=kiwra tya ficsr~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa eu% iwra lekpjsr~ AA6AA
n'ke% ikB%
2024-25
Page 2


uhfruouhre~
¹izLrqr ikB ^euqLe`fr* osQ dfri; 'yksdksa dk ladyu gS tks lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls
vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ ekrk&firk rFkk xqjQtuksa dks vknj vkSj lsok ls izlUu djus
okys vfHkoknu'khy euq"; dks feyus okys ykHk dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vfrfjDr
lq[k&nq[k esa leku jguk] vUrjkRek dks vkufUnr djus okys dk;Z djuk rFkk blosQ
foijhr dk;ksZa dks R;kxuk] lE;o~Q fopkjksijkUr rFkk lR;ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,
dk;Z djuk vkfn f'k"Vkpkjksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSAº
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~ AA1AA
;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs lEHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% 'kD;k drZqa o"kZ'krSjfi AA2AA
r;ksfuZR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZnkpk;ZL; p loZnkA
rs"oso f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% loZa lekI;rs AA3AA
loZa ijo'ka nq%[ka loZekReo'ka lq[ke~A
,rf}|kRleklsu y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks% AA4AA
;RdeZ oqQoZrks¿L; L;kRifjrks"kks¿UrjkReu%A
rRiz;Rusu oqQohZr foijhra rq otZ;sr~ AA5AA
n`f"Viwra U;lsRikna oL=kiwra tya ficsr~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa eu% iwra lekpjsr~ AA6AA
n'ke% ikB%
2024-25
70
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vfHkoknu'khyL; & iz.kke djus osQ LoHkko okys osQ
o`¼ksilsfou% & o`¼$milsfou% & cM+ksa dh lsok
djus okys osQ
Dys'ke~ & d"V
fu"Ñfr% & fuLrkj
oqQoZr% & djrs gq, dk
ifjrks"k% & lUrks"k
vUrjkReu% & vUjkRek dh (ân; dh)A
oqqQohZr & djuk pkfg,
U;lsr~ & j[kuk pkfg,] j[ks
iwre~ & ifo=k
u`.kke~ & euq";ksa dk
o"kZ'krS% & lkS o"kksZa esa
lekI;rs & lekIr gksrk gS
leklsu & la{ksi eas
fo|kr~ & tkuuk pkfg,
lR;iwrke~ & lR; ls ifo=k (lp)
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
2024-25
Page 3


uhfruouhre~
¹izLrqr ikB ^euqLe`fr* osQ dfri; 'yksdksa dk ladyu gS tks lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls
vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ ekrk&firk rFkk xqjQtuksa dks vknj vkSj lsok ls izlUu djus
okys vfHkoknu'khy euq"; dks feyus okys ykHk dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vfrfjDr
lq[k&nq[k esa leku jguk] vUrjkRek dks vkufUnr djus okys dk;Z djuk rFkk blosQ
foijhr dk;ksZa dks R;kxuk] lE;o~Q fopkjksijkUr rFkk lR;ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,
dk;Z djuk vkfn f'k"Vkpkjksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSAº
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~ AA1AA
;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs lEHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% 'kD;k drZqa o"kZ'krSjfi AA2AA
r;ksfuZR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZnkpk;ZL; p loZnkA
rs"oso f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% loZa lekI;rs AA3AA
loZa ijo'ka nq%[ka loZekReo'ka lq[ke~A
,rf}|kRleklsu y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks% AA4AA
;RdeZ oqQoZrks¿L; L;kRifjrks"kks¿UrjkReu%A
rRiz;Rusu oqQohZr foijhra rq otZ;sr~ AA5AA
n`f"Viwra U;lsRikna oL=kiwra tya ficsr~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa eu% iwra lekpjsr~ AA6AA
n'ke% ikB%
2024-25
70
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vfHkoknu'khyL; & iz.kke djus osQ LoHkko okys osQ
o`¼ksilsfou% & o`¼$milsfou% & cM+ksa dh lsok
djus okys osQ
Dys'ke~ & d"V
fu"Ñfr% & fuLrkj
oqQoZr% & djrs gq, dk
ifjrks"k% & lUrks"k
vUrjkReu% & vUjkRek dh (ân; dh)A
oqqQohZr & djuk pkfg,
U;lsr~ & j[kuk pkfg,] j[ks
iwre~ & ifo=k
u`.kke~ & euq";ksa dk
o"kZ'krS% & lkS o"kksZa esa
lekI;rs & lekIr gksrk gS
leklsu & la{ksi eas
fo|kr~ & tkuuk pkfg,
lR;iwrke~ & lR; ls ifo=k (lp)
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
2024-25
71
uhfruouhre~
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&
(d)u`.kka lEHkos dkS Dys'ka lgsrs\
([k) dhn`'ka tya ficsr~\
(x) uhfruouhra ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lÄïfyr\
(?k) dhn`'kha okpa onsr~\
(Ä) nq%[ka foaQ Hkofr\
(p) vkReo'ka foaQ Hkofr\
(N) dhn`'ka deZ lekpjsr~\
2- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k iw.kZokD;su fy[kr&
(d) ikBs¿fLeu~ lq[knq%[k;ks% foaQ y{k.ke~ mDre~\
([k) o"kZ'krS% vfi dL; fu"Ñfr% drqZa u 'kD;k\
(x) ¶f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% lekI;rs¸ & okD;s¿fLeu~ =k;% osQ lfUr\
(?k) vLekfHk% dhn`'ka deZ drZO;e~\
(Ä) vfHkoknu'khyL; dkfu o/ZUrs\
(p) loZnk osQ"kka fiz;a oqQ;kZr~\
3- LFkwyinkU;oyEC; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQjQr&
(d) o`¼ksilsfou% vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cya u o/ZUrsA
([k) euq";% lR;iwrka okpa onsr~A
(x) f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq loZa ri% lekI;rs\
vH;kl%
2024-25
Page 4


uhfruouhre~
¹izLrqr ikB ^euqLe`fr* osQ dfri; 'yksdksa dk ladyu gS tks lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls
vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ ekrk&firk rFkk xqjQtuksa dks vknj vkSj lsok ls izlUu djus
okys vfHkoknu'khy euq"; dks feyus okys ykHk dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vfrfjDr
lq[k&nq[k esa leku jguk] vUrjkRek dks vkufUnr djus okys dk;Z djuk rFkk blosQ
foijhr dk;ksZa dks R;kxuk] lE;o~Q fopkjksijkUr rFkk lR;ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,
dk;Z djuk vkfn f'k"Vkpkjksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSAº
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~ AA1AA
;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs lEHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% 'kD;k drZqa o"kZ'krSjfi AA2AA
r;ksfuZR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZnkpk;ZL; p loZnkA
rs"oso f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% loZa lekI;rs AA3AA
loZa ijo'ka nq%[ka loZekReo'ka lq[ke~A
,rf}|kRleklsu y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks% AA4AA
;RdeZ oqQoZrks¿L; L;kRifjrks"kks¿UrjkReu%A
rRiz;Rusu oqQohZr foijhra rq otZ;sr~ AA5AA
n`f"Viwra U;lsRikna oL=kiwra tya ficsr~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa eu% iwra lekpjsr~ AA6AA
n'ke% ikB%
2024-25
70
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vfHkoknu'khyL; & iz.kke djus osQ LoHkko okys osQ
o`¼ksilsfou% & o`¼$milsfou% & cM+ksa dh lsok
djus okys osQ
Dys'ke~ & d"V
fu"Ñfr% & fuLrkj
oqQoZr% & djrs gq, dk
ifjrks"k% & lUrks"k
vUrjkReu% & vUjkRek dh (ân; dh)A
oqqQohZr & djuk pkfg,
U;lsr~ & j[kuk pkfg,] j[ks
iwre~ & ifo=k
u`.kke~ & euq";ksa dk
o"kZ'krS% & lkS o"kksZa esa
lekI;rs & lekIr gksrk gS
leklsu & la{ksi eas
fo|kr~ & tkuuk pkfg,
lR;iwrke~ & lR; ls ifo=k (lp)
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
2024-25
71
uhfruouhre~
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&
(d)u`.kka lEHkos dkS Dys'ka lgsrs\
([k) dhn`'ka tya ficsr~\
(x) uhfruouhra ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lÄïfyr\
(?k) dhn`'kha okpa onsr~\
(Ä) nq%[ka foaQ Hkofr\
(p) vkReo'ka foaQ Hkofr\
(N) dhn`'ka deZ lekpjsr~\
2- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k iw.kZokD;su fy[kr&
(d) ikBs¿fLeu~ lq[knq%[k;ks% foaQ y{k.ke~ mDre~\
([k) o"kZ'krS% vfi dL; fu"Ñfr% drqZa u 'kD;k\
(x) ¶f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% lekI;rs¸ & okD;s¿fLeu~ =k;% osQ lfUr\
(?k) vLekfHk% dhn`'ka deZ drZO;e~\
(Ä) vfHkoknu'khyL; dkfu o/ZUrs\
(p) loZnk osQ"kka fiz;a oqQ;kZr~\
3- LFkwyinkU;oyEC; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQjQr&
(d) o`¼ksilsfou% vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cya u o/ZUrsA
([k) euq";% lR;iwrka okpa onsr~A
(x) f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq loZa ri% lekI;rs\
vH;kl%
2024-25
72
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
(?k) ekrkfirjkS u`.kka lEHkos vdFkuh;a Dys'ka lgsrsA
(Ä) r;ks% fuR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZr~A
4- laLÑrHkk"k;ka okD;iz;ksxa oqQjQr&
(d) fo|k ([k) ri% (x) lekpjsr~ (?k) ifjrks"k% (Ä) fuR;e~
5- 'kq¼okD;kuka le{ke~ vke~ v'kq¼okD;kuka le{ka p uSo bfr fy[kr&
(d) vfHkoknu'khyL; fdefi u o/ZrsA
([k) ekrkfirjkS u`.kka lEHkos d"Va lgsrsA
(x) vkReo'ka rq loZeso nq%[kefLrA
(?k) ;su firjkS vkpk;Z% p lUrq"Vk% rL; loZa ri% lekI;rsA
(Ä) euq";% lnSo eu% iwra lekpjsr~A
(p) euq";% lnSo rnso deZ oqQ;kZr~ ;sukUrjkRek rq";rsA
6- leqfprinsu fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) ekrkfi=kks% ril% fu"Ñfr% ---------------- drZqe'kD;kA (n'ko"kSZjfi@"kf"V% o"kSZjfi@
o"kZ'krSjfi)A
([k) fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou% ---------------- o/ZUrs (pRokfj@i×p@"kV~)A
(x) f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ---------------- loZa lekI;rs (ti%@ri%@deZ)A
(?k) ,rr~ fo|kr~ ---------------- y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks%A ('kjhjs.k!leklsu@foLrkjs.k)
(Ä) n`f"Viwre~ U;lsr~ ----------------A (gLre~@ikne~@eq[ke~)
(p) euq";% ekrkfi=kks% vkpk;ZL; p loZnk ----------- oqQ;kZr~A (fiz;e~~@vfiz;e~~@vdk;Ze~)
7- e×tw"kkr% fpRok mfprkO;;su okD;iwfr± oqQjQr&
rkor~ vfi ,o ;Fkk fuR;a ;kn`'ke~
(d) r;ks% ------------ fiz;a oqQ;kZr~A
2024-25
Page 5


uhfruouhre~
¹izLrqr ikB ^euqLe`fr* osQ dfri; 'yksdksa dk ladyu gS tks lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls
vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ ekrk&firk rFkk xqjQtuksa dks vknj vkSj lsok ls izlUu djus
okys vfHkoknu'khy euq"; dks feyus okys ykHk dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vfrfjDr
lq[k&nq[k esa leku jguk] vUrjkRek dks vkufUnr djus okys dk;Z djuk rFkk blosQ
foijhr dk;ksZa dks R;kxuk] lE;o~Q fopkjksijkUr rFkk lR;ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,
dk;Z djuk vkfn f'k"Vkpkjksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSAº
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~ AA1AA
;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs lEHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% 'kD;k drZqa o"kZ'krSjfi AA2AA
r;ksfuZR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZnkpk;ZL; p loZnkA
rs"oso f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% loZa lekI;rs AA3AA
loZa ijo'ka nq%[ka loZekReo'ka lq[ke~A
,rf}|kRleklsu y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks% AA4AA
;RdeZ oqQoZrks¿L; L;kRifjrks"kks¿UrjkReu%A
rRiz;Rusu oqQohZr foijhra rq otZ;sr~ AA5AA
n`f"Viwra U;lsRikna oL=kiwra tya ficsr~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa eu% iwra lekpjsr~ AA6AA
n'ke% ikB%
2024-25
70
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vfHkoknu'khyL; & iz.kke djus osQ LoHkko okys osQ
o`¼ksilsfou% & o`¼$milsfou% & cM+ksa dh lsok
djus okys osQ
Dys'ke~ & d"V
fu"Ñfr% & fuLrkj
oqQoZr% & djrs gq, dk
ifjrks"k% & lUrks"k
vUrjkReu% & vUjkRek dh (ân; dh)A
oqqQohZr & djuk pkfg,
U;lsr~ & j[kuk pkfg,] j[ks
iwre~ & ifo=k
u`.kke~ & euq";ksa dk
o"kZ'krS% & lkS o"kksZa esa
lekI;rs & lekIr gksrk gS
leklsu & la{ksi eas
fo|kr~ & tkuuk pkfg,
lR;iwrke~ & lR; ls ifo=k (lp)
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
2024-25
71
uhfruouhre~
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&
(d)u`.kka lEHkos dkS Dys'ka lgsrs\
([k) dhn`'ka tya ficsr~\
(x) uhfruouhra ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lÄïfyr\
(?k) dhn`'kha okpa onsr~\
(Ä) nq%[ka foaQ Hkofr\
(p) vkReo'ka foaQ Hkofr\
(N) dhn`'ka deZ lekpjsr~\
2- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k iw.kZokD;su fy[kr&
(d) ikBs¿fLeu~ lq[knq%[k;ks% foaQ y{k.ke~ mDre~\
([k) o"kZ'krS% vfi dL; fu"Ñfr% drqZa u 'kD;k\
(x) ¶f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% lekI;rs¸ & okD;s¿fLeu~ =k;% osQ lfUr\
(?k) vLekfHk% dhn`'ka deZ drZO;e~\
(Ä) vfHkoknu'khyL; dkfu o/ZUrs\
(p) loZnk osQ"kka fiz;a oqQ;kZr~\
3- LFkwyinkU;oyEC; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQjQr&
(d) o`¼ksilsfou% vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cya u o/ZUrsA
([k) euq";% lR;iwrka okpa onsr~A
(x) f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq loZa ri% lekI;rs\
vH;kl%
2024-25
72
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
(?k) ekrkfirjkS u`.kka lEHkos vdFkuh;a Dys'ka lgsrsA
(Ä) r;ks% fuR;a fiz;a oqQ;kZr~A
4- laLÑrHkk"k;ka okD;iz;ksxa oqQjQr&
(d) fo|k ([k) ri% (x) lekpjsr~ (?k) ifjrks"k% (Ä) fuR;e~
5- 'kq¼okD;kuka le{ke~ vke~ v'kq¼okD;kuka le{ka p uSo bfr fy[kr&
(d) vfHkoknu'khyL; fdefi u o/ZrsA
([k) ekrkfirjkS u`.kka lEHkos d"Va lgsrsA
(x) vkReo'ka rq loZeso nq%[kefLrA
(?k) ;su firjkS vkpk;Z% p lUrq"Vk% rL; loZa ri% lekI;rsA
(Ä) euq";% lnSo eu% iwra lekpjsr~A
(p) euq";% lnSo rnso deZ oqQ;kZr~ ;sukUrjkRek rq";rsA
6- leqfprinsu fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) ekrkfi=kks% ril% fu"Ñfr% ---------------- drZqe'kD;kA (n'ko"kSZjfi@"kf"V% o"kSZjfi@
o"kZ'krSjfi)A
([k) fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou% ---------------- o/ZUrs (pRokfj@i×p@"kV~)A
(x) f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ---------------- loZa lekI;rs (ti%@ri%@deZ)A
(?k) ,rr~ fo|kr~ ---------------- y{k.ka lq[knq%[k;ks%A ('kjhjs.k!leklsu@foLrkjs.k)
(Ä) n`f"Viwre~ U;lsr~ ----------------A (gLre~@ikne~@eq[ke~)
(p) euq";% ekrkfi=kks% vkpk;ZL; p loZnk ----------- oqQ;kZr~A (fiz;e~~@vfiz;e~~@vdk;Ze~)
7- e×tw"kkr% fpRok mfprkO;;su okD;iwfr± oqQjQr&
rkor~ vfi ,o ;Fkk fuR;a ;kn`'ke~
(d) r;ks% ------------ fiz;a oqQ;kZr~A
2024-25
73
uhfruouhre~
([k) ------------ deZ dfj";flA rkn`'ka iQya izkIL;flA
(x) o"kZ'krS% ------------ fu"Ñfr% u drqZa 'kD;kA
(?k) rs"kq ------------ f=k"kq rq"Vs"kq ri% lekI;rsA
(Ä) ------------ jktk rFkk iztk
(p) ;kor~ liQy% u Hkofr ------------ ifjJea oqQjQA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
HkkofoLrkj%
laLÑr lkfgR; esa thou osQ fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh drZO;&funsZ'k fn, x, gSa tks
;=k&r=k lqHkkf"krksa vkSj uhfr'yksdksa osQ :i esa izkIr gksrs gSaA t:jr gS mUgsa <¡w<us okys
euq"; dhA thouekxZ ij pyrs gq, tc foaQdÙkZO;foew<+rk dh fLFkfr vkrh gS rks
laLÑr lwfDr;k¡ gesa ekxZcks/ djkrh gSaA uhfr'krd] fonqjuhfr] pk.kD;uhfrniZ.k vkfn
xzUFk ,sls gh 'yksdksa osQ vej Hk.Mkjxkj gSaSA
1- oqQN lekukUrj 'yksd
deZ.kk eulk okpk p{kq"kk¿fi prqfoZ/e~A
izlkn;fr yksoaQ ;Lra yksdks¿uqizlhnfrAA
lR;a czw;kr~ fiz;a czw;kr~ u cwz;kr~ lR;efiz;e~A
fiz;a p uku`ra czw;kr~ ,"k /eZ% lukru%AA
fiz;okD;iznkusu losZ rq";fUr tUro%A
rLekÙknso oDrO;a opus dk nfjnzrkA
;fLeu~ ns'ks u lEekuks u izhfruZ p ckU/ok%A
u p fo|kxe% df'pr~ u r=k fnola olsr~A
2- laf/ dh vko`fÙk
f'k"Vkpkj% = f'k"V $ vkpkj%
o`¼ksilsfou% = o`¼% $ milsfou%
2024-25