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 Page 1


gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@129
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh
(lu~ 1907&1979)
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dk tUe xk¡o vkjr nqcs dk Nijk] f”kyk
cfy;k (m-iz-) esa gqvk FkkA laLÑr egkfo|ky;] dk'kh ls
'kkL=kh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus osQ ckn mUgksaus 1930 esa dk'kh ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; ls T;ksfr"kkpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dhA
blosQ ckn os 'kkafr fuosQru pys x,A 1940&50 rd f}osnh th ¯gnh Hkou] 'kkafr fuosQru
osQ funs'kd jgsA ogk¡ mUgsa xq#nso johanzukFk VSxksj vkSj vkpk;Z f{kfreksgu lsu dk lkfUuè; izkIr
gqvkA lu~ 1950 esa os okil okjk.klh vk, vkSj dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh foHkkx osQ
vè;{k cusA 1952&53 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk osQ vè;{k FksA 1955 esa os izFke
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ ukfeuh fu;qDr fd, x,A 1960&67 rd iatkc
fo'ofo|ky; paMhx<+ esa ¯gnh foHkkxkè;{k dk in xzg.k fd;kA 1967 esa dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky;
esa jsDVj fu;qDr gq,A ;gk¡ ls vodk'k xzg.k djus ij os Hkkjr ljdkj dh ¯gnh fo"k;d vusd
;kstukvksa ls lac¼ jgsA thou osQ vafre fnuksa esa mÙkj izns'k ¯gnh laLFkku osQ dk;Zdkjh vè;{k FksA
vkyksd ioZ iqLrd ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;
us mUgsa Mh-fyV dh ekun mikf/ nh vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa in~eHkw"k.k vyadj.k ls foHkwf"kr
fd;kA
f}osnh th dk vè;;u {ks=k cgqr O;kid FkkA laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k] ck¡Xyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
,oa bfrgkl] n'kZu] laLÑfr] /eZ vkfn fo"k;ksa esa mudh fo'ks"k xfr FkhA blh dkj.k mudh
jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh xgjh iSB vkSj fo"k; oSfoè; osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA os ijaijk osQ lkFk
vk/qfud izxfr'khy ewY;ksa osQ leUo; esa fo'okl djrs FksA
f}osnh th dh Hkk"kk ljy vkSj izkaty gSA O;fDrRo&O;atdrk vkSj vkReijdrk mudh 'kSyh
dh fo'ks"krk gSA O;aX; 'kSyh osQ iz;ksx us muosQ fuca/ksa ij ikafMR; osQ cks> dks gkoh ugha gksus
fn;k gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls mUgksaus ¯gnh dh x| 'kSyh dks ,d u;k :i fn;kA
mudh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ gSaµv'kksd osQ iwQy] fopkj vkSj foroZQ] dYiyrk]
oqQVt] vkyksd ioZ (fucaèk&ladyu)] pk:paæys[k] ck.kHk^ dh vkRedFkk] iquuZok]
vukenkl dk iksFkk (miU;kl)] lwj&lkfgR;] dchj] ¯gnh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] dkfynkl
2024-25
Page 2


gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@129
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh
(lu~ 1907&1979)
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dk tUe xk¡o vkjr nqcs dk Nijk] f”kyk
cfy;k (m-iz-) esa gqvk FkkA laLÑr egkfo|ky;] dk'kh ls
'kkL=kh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus osQ ckn mUgksaus 1930 esa dk'kh ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; ls T;ksfr"kkpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dhA
blosQ ckn os 'kkafr fuosQru pys x,A 1940&50 rd f}osnh th ¯gnh Hkou] 'kkafr fuosQru
osQ funs'kd jgsA ogk¡ mUgsa xq#nso johanzukFk VSxksj vkSj vkpk;Z f{kfreksgu lsu dk lkfUuè; izkIr
gqvkA lu~ 1950 esa os okil okjk.klh vk, vkSj dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh foHkkx osQ
vè;{k cusA 1952&53 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk osQ vè;{k FksA 1955 esa os izFke
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ ukfeuh fu;qDr fd, x,A 1960&67 rd iatkc
fo'ofo|ky; paMhx<+ esa ¯gnh foHkkxkè;{k dk in xzg.k fd;kA 1967 esa dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky;
esa jsDVj fu;qDr gq,A ;gk¡ ls vodk'k xzg.k djus ij os Hkkjr ljdkj dh ¯gnh fo"k;d vusd
;kstukvksa ls lac¼ jgsA thou osQ vafre fnuksa esa mÙkj izns'k ¯gnh laLFkku osQ dk;Zdkjh vè;{k FksA
vkyksd ioZ iqLrd ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;
us mUgsa Mh-fyV dh ekun mikf/ nh vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa in~eHkw"k.k vyadj.k ls foHkwf"kr
fd;kA
f}osnh th dk vè;;u {ks=k cgqr O;kid FkkA laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k] ck¡Xyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
,oa bfrgkl] n'kZu] laLÑfr] /eZ vkfn fo"k;ksa esa mudh fo'ks"k xfr FkhA blh dkj.k mudh
jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh xgjh iSB vkSj fo"k; oSfoè; osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA os ijaijk osQ lkFk
vk/qfud izxfr'khy ewY;ksa osQ leUo; esa fo'okl djrs FksA
f}osnh th dh Hkk"kk ljy vkSj izkaty gSA O;fDrRo&O;atdrk vkSj vkReijdrk mudh 'kSyh
dh fo'ks"krk gSA O;aX; 'kSyh osQ iz;ksx us muosQ fuca/ksa ij ikafMR; osQ cks> dks gkoh ugha gksus
fn;k gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls mUgksaus ¯gnh dh x| 'kSyh dks ,d u;k :i fn;kA
mudh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ gSaµv'kksd osQ iwQy] fopkj vkSj foroZQ] dYiyrk]
oqQVt] vkyksd ioZ (fucaèk&ladyu)] pk:paæys[k] ck.kHk^ dh vkRedFkk] iquuZok]
vukenkl dk iksFkk (miU;kl)] lwj&lkfgR;] dchj] ¯gnh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] dkfynkl
2024-25
130 @ varjk
130@varjk
dh ykfyR;&;kstuk (vkykspukRed xzaFk)A mudh lHkh jpuk,¡ gtkjh izlkn f}osnh xazFkkoyh
(osQ X;kjg [kaM) eas ladfyr gSaA
oqQVt fgeky; ioZr dh m¡QpkbZ ij lw[kh f'kykvksa osQ chp mxus okyk ,d taxyh
ikSèkk gS] ftlesa iwQy yxrs gSaA blh iwQy dh izÑfr ij ;g fuca/ oqQVt fy[kk x;k gSA
oqQVt esa u fo'ks"k lkSan;Z gS] u lqxa/] fiQj Hkh ys[kd us mlesa ekuo osQ fy, ,d lans'k
ik;k gSA oqQVt eas vijkts; thou'kfDr gS] Lokoyacu gS] vkRefo'okl gS vkSj fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh 'kku osQ lkFk thus dh {kerk gSA og leku Hkko ls lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks Lohdkjrk gSA lkekU; ls lkekU; oLrq esa Hkh fo'ks"k xq.k gks ldrs gSa ;g trkuk bl
fuca/ dk vHkh"V gSA
2024-25
Page 3


gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@129
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh
(lu~ 1907&1979)
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dk tUe xk¡o vkjr nqcs dk Nijk] f”kyk
cfy;k (m-iz-) esa gqvk FkkA laLÑr egkfo|ky;] dk'kh ls
'kkL=kh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus osQ ckn mUgksaus 1930 esa dk'kh ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; ls T;ksfr"kkpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dhA
blosQ ckn os 'kkafr fuosQru pys x,A 1940&50 rd f}osnh th ¯gnh Hkou] 'kkafr fuosQru
osQ funs'kd jgsA ogk¡ mUgsa xq#nso johanzukFk VSxksj vkSj vkpk;Z f{kfreksgu lsu dk lkfUuè; izkIr
gqvkA lu~ 1950 esa os okil okjk.klh vk, vkSj dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh foHkkx osQ
vè;{k cusA 1952&53 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk osQ vè;{k FksA 1955 esa os izFke
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ ukfeuh fu;qDr fd, x,A 1960&67 rd iatkc
fo'ofo|ky; paMhx<+ esa ¯gnh foHkkxkè;{k dk in xzg.k fd;kA 1967 esa dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky;
esa jsDVj fu;qDr gq,A ;gk¡ ls vodk'k xzg.k djus ij os Hkkjr ljdkj dh ¯gnh fo"k;d vusd
;kstukvksa ls lac¼ jgsA thou osQ vafre fnuksa esa mÙkj izns'k ¯gnh laLFkku osQ dk;Zdkjh vè;{k FksA
vkyksd ioZ iqLrd ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;
us mUgsa Mh-fyV dh ekun mikf/ nh vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa in~eHkw"k.k vyadj.k ls foHkwf"kr
fd;kA
f}osnh th dk vè;;u {ks=k cgqr O;kid FkkA laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k] ck¡Xyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
,oa bfrgkl] n'kZu] laLÑfr] /eZ vkfn fo"k;ksa esa mudh fo'ks"k xfr FkhA blh dkj.k mudh
jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh xgjh iSB vkSj fo"k; oSfoè; osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA os ijaijk osQ lkFk
vk/qfud izxfr'khy ewY;ksa osQ leUo; esa fo'okl djrs FksA
f}osnh th dh Hkk"kk ljy vkSj izkaty gSA O;fDrRo&O;atdrk vkSj vkReijdrk mudh 'kSyh
dh fo'ks"krk gSA O;aX; 'kSyh osQ iz;ksx us muosQ fuca/ksa ij ikafMR; osQ cks> dks gkoh ugha gksus
fn;k gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls mUgksaus ¯gnh dh x| 'kSyh dks ,d u;k :i fn;kA
mudh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ gSaµv'kksd osQ iwQy] fopkj vkSj foroZQ] dYiyrk]
oqQVt] vkyksd ioZ (fucaèk&ladyu)] pk:paæys[k] ck.kHk^ dh vkRedFkk] iquuZok]
vukenkl dk iksFkk (miU;kl)] lwj&lkfgR;] dchj] ¯gnh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] dkfynkl
2024-25
130 @ varjk
130@varjk
dh ykfyR;&;kstuk (vkykspukRed xzaFk)A mudh lHkh jpuk,¡ gtkjh izlkn f}osnh xazFkkoyh
(osQ X;kjg [kaM) eas ladfyr gSaA
oqQVt fgeky; ioZr dh m¡QpkbZ ij lw[kh f'kykvksa osQ chp mxus okyk ,d taxyh
ikSèkk gS] ftlesa iwQy yxrs gSaA blh iwQy dh izÑfr ij ;g fuca/ oqQVt fy[kk x;k gSA
oqQVt esa u fo'ks"k lkSan;Z gS] u lqxa/] fiQj Hkh ys[kd us mlesa ekuo osQ fy, ,d lans'k
ik;k gSA oqQVt eas vijkts; thou'kfDr gS] Lokoyacu gS] vkRefo'okl gS vkSj fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh 'kku osQ lkFk thus dh {kerk gSA og leku Hkko ls lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks Lohdkjrk gSA lkekU; ls lkekU; oLrq esa Hkh fo'ks"k xq.k gks ldrs gSa ;g trkuk bl
fuca/ dk vHkh"V gSA
2024-25
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@131
oqQVt
dgrs gaS] ioZr 'kksHkk&fuosQru gksrs gSaA fiQj fgeky; dk rks dguk gh D;k! iwoZ vkSj vij
leqnz&egksnfèk vkSj jRukdkjµnksuksa dks nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ls Fkkgrk gqvk fgeky; ^i`Foh dk ekunaM*
dgk tk, rks xyr D;k gS\ dkfynkl us ,slk gh dgk FkkA blh osQ ikn&ns'k esa ;g  Üka`[kyk nwj
rd yksVh gqbZ gS] yksx bls f'kokfyd  Ük`a[kyk dgrs gaSA ^f'kokfyd* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ^f'kokfyd*
;k f'ko osQ tVktwV dk fupyk fgLlk rks ugha gSA yxrk rks ,slk gh gSA f'ko dh yfV;k;h tVk
gh bruh lw[kh] uhjl vkSj dBksj gks ldrh gSA oSls] vyduank dk lzksr ;gk¡ ls dkI
+
kQh nwjh ij
gS] ysfdu f'ko dk vyd rks nwj&nwj rd fNrjk;k gh jgrk gksxkA laiw.kZ fgeky; dks ns[kdj
gh fdlh osQ eu esa lekfèkLFk egknso dh ewfrZ Li"V gqbZ gksxhA mlh lekfèkLFk egknso osQ
vyd&tky osQ fupys fgLls dk izfrfufèkRo ;g fxfj& Üka`[kyk dj jgh gksxhA dgha&dgha vKkr
uke&xks=k >kM+&>a[kkM+ vkSj csg;k&ls isM+ [kM+s vo'; fn[k tkrs gSa ij vkSj dksbZ gfj;kyh ughaA
nwc rd lw[k xbZ gSA dkyh&dkyh p^kusa vkSj chp&chp esa 'kq"drk dh var£u#¼ lÙkk dk b”kgkj
djus okyh jDrkHk jsrh! jl dgk¡ gS\ ;s tks ¯Bxus ls ysfdu 'kkunkj nj[r xjeh dh Hk;adj
ekj [kk&[kkdj vkSj Hkw[k&I;kl dh fujarj pksV lg&lgdj Hkh th jgs gSa] bUgsa D;k dg¡w\ flI
+
kZQ
th gh ugha jgs gaS] g¡l Hkh jgs gSaA csg;k gSa D;k\ ;k eLrekSyk gSa\ dHkh&dHkh tks yksx Åij
ls csg;k fn[krs gaS] mudh tM+sa dkI
+
kQh xgjh] iSBh jgrh gSaA ;s Hkh ik"kk.k dh Nkrh iQkM+dj u
tkus fdl vry xàj ls viuk HkksX; [khap ykrs gSaA
f'kokfyd dh lw[kh uhjl igkfM+;ksa ij eqloqQjkrs gq, ;s o`{k }a}krhr gSa] vyeLr gSaA eSa
fdlh dk uke ugha tkurk] oqQy ugha tkurk 'khy ugha tkurk ij yxrk gS] ;s tSls eq>s vukfn
dky ls tkurs gSaA bUgha esa ,d NksVk&lk] cgqr gh fBxuk isM+ gS] iÙks pkSM+s Hkh gSa] cM+s Hkh gSaA
iwQyksa ls rks ,slk ynk gS fd oqQN iwfN, ughaA vthc lh vnk gS] eqloqQjkrk tku iM+rk gSA yxrk
gS] iwN jgk gS fd D;k rqe eq>s Hkh ugha igpkurs\ igpkurk rks gw¡] vo'; igpkurk gw¡A yxrk
gS] cgqr ckj ns[k pqdk gw¡A igpkurk gw¡ mtkM+ osQ lkFkh] rqEgsa vPNh rjg igpkurk gw¡A uke Hkwy
jgk gw¡A izk;% Hkwy tkrk gw¡A :i ns[kdj izk;% igpku tkrk gw¡] uke ugha ;kn vkrkA ij uke ,slk
gS fd tc rd :i osQ igys gh gkf”kj u gks tk, rc rd :i dh igpku vèkwjh jg tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; iafMrksa dk lSdM+ksa ckj dk dpkjk&fupksM+k iz'u lkeus vk x;kµ:i eq[; gS ;k uke\
2024-25
Page 4


gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@129
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh
(lu~ 1907&1979)
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dk tUe xk¡o vkjr nqcs dk Nijk] f”kyk
cfy;k (m-iz-) esa gqvk FkkA laLÑr egkfo|ky;] dk'kh ls
'kkL=kh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus osQ ckn mUgksaus 1930 esa dk'kh ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; ls T;ksfr"kkpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dhA
blosQ ckn os 'kkafr fuosQru pys x,A 1940&50 rd f}osnh th ¯gnh Hkou] 'kkafr fuosQru
osQ funs'kd jgsA ogk¡ mUgsa xq#nso johanzukFk VSxksj vkSj vkpk;Z f{kfreksgu lsu dk lkfUuè; izkIr
gqvkA lu~ 1950 esa os okil okjk.klh vk, vkSj dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh foHkkx osQ
vè;{k cusA 1952&53 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk osQ vè;{k FksA 1955 esa os izFke
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ ukfeuh fu;qDr fd, x,A 1960&67 rd iatkc
fo'ofo|ky; paMhx<+ esa ¯gnh foHkkxkè;{k dk in xzg.k fd;kA 1967 esa dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky;
esa jsDVj fu;qDr gq,A ;gk¡ ls vodk'k xzg.k djus ij os Hkkjr ljdkj dh ¯gnh fo"k;d vusd
;kstukvksa ls lac¼ jgsA thou osQ vafre fnuksa esa mÙkj izns'k ¯gnh laLFkku osQ dk;Zdkjh vè;{k FksA
vkyksd ioZ iqLrd ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;
us mUgsa Mh-fyV dh ekun mikf/ nh vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa in~eHkw"k.k vyadj.k ls foHkwf"kr
fd;kA
f}osnh th dk vè;;u {ks=k cgqr O;kid FkkA laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k] ck¡Xyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
,oa bfrgkl] n'kZu] laLÑfr] /eZ vkfn fo"k;ksa esa mudh fo'ks"k xfr FkhA blh dkj.k mudh
jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh xgjh iSB vkSj fo"k; oSfoè; osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA os ijaijk osQ lkFk
vk/qfud izxfr'khy ewY;ksa osQ leUo; esa fo'okl djrs FksA
f}osnh th dh Hkk"kk ljy vkSj izkaty gSA O;fDrRo&O;atdrk vkSj vkReijdrk mudh 'kSyh
dh fo'ks"krk gSA O;aX; 'kSyh osQ iz;ksx us muosQ fuca/ksa ij ikafMR; osQ cks> dks gkoh ugha gksus
fn;k gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls mUgksaus ¯gnh dh x| 'kSyh dks ,d u;k :i fn;kA
mudh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ gSaµv'kksd osQ iwQy] fopkj vkSj foroZQ] dYiyrk]
oqQVt] vkyksd ioZ (fucaèk&ladyu)] pk:paæys[k] ck.kHk^ dh vkRedFkk] iquuZok]
vukenkl dk iksFkk (miU;kl)] lwj&lkfgR;] dchj] ¯gnh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] dkfynkl
2024-25
130 @ varjk
130@varjk
dh ykfyR;&;kstuk (vkykspukRed xzaFk)A mudh lHkh jpuk,¡ gtkjh izlkn f}osnh xazFkkoyh
(osQ X;kjg [kaM) eas ladfyr gSaA
oqQVt fgeky; ioZr dh m¡QpkbZ ij lw[kh f'kykvksa osQ chp mxus okyk ,d taxyh
ikSèkk gS] ftlesa iwQy yxrs gSaA blh iwQy dh izÑfr ij ;g fuca/ oqQVt fy[kk x;k gSA
oqQVt esa u fo'ks"k lkSan;Z gS] u lqxa/] fiQj Hkh ys[kd us mlesa ekuo osQ fy, ,d lans'k
ik;k gSA oqQVt eas vijkts; thou'kfDr gS] Lokoyacu gS] vkRefo'okl gS vkSj fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh 'kku osQ lkFk thus dh {kerk gSA og leku Hkko ls lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks Lohdkjrk gSA lkekU; ls lkekU; oLrq esa Hkh fo'ks"k xq.k gks ldrs gSa ;g trkuk bl
fuca/ dk vHkh"V gSA
2024-25
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@131
oqQVt
dgrs gaS] ioZr 'kksHkk&fuosQru gksrs gSaA fiQj fgeky; dk rks dguk gh D;k! iwoZ vkSj vij
leqnz&egksnfèk vkSj jRukdkjµnksuksa dks nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ls Fkkgrk gqvk fgeky; ^i`Foh dk ekunaM*
dgk tk, rks xyr D;k gS\ dkfynkl us ,slk gh dgk FkkA blh osQ ikn&ns'k esa ;g  Üka`[kyk nwj
rd yksVh gqbZ gS] yksx bls f'kokfyd  Ük`a[kyk dgrs gaSA ^f'kokfyd* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ^f'kokfyd*
;k f'ko osQ tVktwV dk fupyk fgLlk rks ugha gSA yxrk rks ,slk gh gSA f'ko dh yfV;k;h tVk
gh bruh lw[kh] uhjl vkSj dBksj gks ldrh gSA oSls] vyduank dk lzksr ;gk¡ ls dkI
+
kQh nwjh ij
gS] ysfdu f'ko dk vyd rks nwj&nwj rd fNrjk;k gh jgrk gksxkA laiw.kZ fgeky; dks ns[kdj
gh fdlh osQ eu esa lekfèkLFk egknso dh ewfrZ Li"V gqbZ gksxhA mlh lekfèkLFk egknso osQ
vyd&tky osQ fupys fgLls dk izfrfufèkRo ;g fxfj& Üka`[kyk dj jgh gksxhA dgha&dgha vKkr
uke&xks=k >kM+&>a[kkM+ vkSj csg;k&ls isM+ [kM+s vo'; fn[k tkrs gSa ij vkSj dksbZ gfj;kyh ughaA
nwc rd lw[k xbZ gSA dkyh&dkyh p^kusa vkSj chp&chp esa 'kq"drk dh var£u#¼ lÙkk dk b”kgkj
djus okyh jDrkHk jsrh! jl dgk¡ gS\ ;s tks ¯Bxus ls ysfdu 'kkunkj nj[r xjeh dh Hk;adj
ekj [kk&[kkdj vkSj Hkw[k&I;kl dh fujarj pksV lg&lgdj Hkh th jgs gSa] bUgsa D;k dg¡w\ flI
+
kZQ
th gh ugha jgs gaS] g¡l Hkh jgs gSaA csg;k gSa D;k\ ;k eLrekSyk gSa\ dHkh&dHkh tks yksx Åij
ls csg;k fn[krs gaS] mudh tM+sa dkI
+
kQh xgjh] iSBh jgrh gSaA ;s Hkh ik"kk.k dh Nkrh iQkM+dj u
tkus fdl vry xàj ls viuk HkksX; [khap ykrs gSaA
f'kokfyd dh lw[kh uhjl igkfM+;ksa ij eqloqQjkrs gq, ;s o`{k }a}krhr gSa] vyeLr gSaA eSa
fdlh dk uke ugha tkurk] oqQy ugha tkurk 'khy ugha tkurk ij yxrk gS] ;s tSls eq>s vukfn
dky ls tkurs gSaA bUgha esa ,d NksVk&lk] cgqr gh fBxuk isM+ gS] iÙks pkSM+s Hkh gSa] cM+s Hkh gSaA
iwQyksa ls rks ,slk ynk gS fd oqQN iwfN, ughaA vthc lh vnk gS] eqloqQjkrk tku iM+rk gSA yxrk
gS] iwN jgk gS fd D;k rqe eq>s Hkh ugha igpkurs\ igpkurk rks gw¡] vo'; igpkurk gw¡A yxrk
gS] cgqr ckj ns[k pqdk gw¡A igpkurk gw¡ mtkM+ osQ lkFkh] rqEgsa vPNh rjg igpkurk gw¡A uke Hkwy
jgk gw¡A izk;% Hkwy tkrk gw¡A :i ns[kdj izk;% igpku tkrk gw¡] uke ugha ;kn vkrkA ij uke ,slk
gS fd tc rd :i osQ igys gh gkf”kj u gks tk, rc rd :i dh igpku vèkwjh jg tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; iafMrksa dk lSdM+ksa ckj dk dpkjk&fupksM+k iz'u lkeus vk x;kµ:i eq[; gS ;k uke\
2024-25
132 @ varjk
132@varjk
uke cM+k gS ;k :i\ in igys gS ;k inkFkZ\ inkFkZ lkeus gS] in ugha lw> jgk gSA eu O;koqQy
gks x;kA Le`fr;ksa osQ ia[k iSQykdj lqnwj vrhr osQ dksuksa esa >k¡drk jgkA lksprk gw¡ blesa O;koqQy
gksus dh D;k ckr gS\ uke esa D;k j[kk gSµàkV~l nsvj bu , use! uke dh ”k:jr gh gks rks
lkS fn, tk ldrs gSaA lqfLerk] fxfjdkark] ouizHkk] 'kqHkzfdjhfVuh] enks¼rk] foftrkrik] vydkoralk]
cgqr ls uke gSa! ;k fiQj ikS#"k&O;atd uke Hkh fn, tk ldrs gSaµvoqQrksHk;] fxfjxkSjo]
owQVksYykl] vijkftr] èkjrhèkosQy] igkM+iQksM+] ikrkyHksn! ij eu ugha ekurkA uke blfy, cM+k
ugha gS fd og uke gSA og blfy, cM+k gksrk gS fd mls lkekftd LohÑfr feyh gksrh gSA :i
O;fDr&lR; gS] uke lekt&lR;A uke ml in dks dgrs gSa ftl ij lekt dh eqgj yxh gksrh
gSA vkèkqfud f'kf{kr yksx ftls ^lks'ky lsD'ku* dgk djrs gaSA esjk eu uke osQ fy, O;koqQy
gS] lekt }kjk LohÑr] bfrgkl }kjk izekf.kr] lef"V&ekuo dh fpÙk&xaxk esa LukrA
bl fxfjowQV&fcgkjh dk uke D;k gS\ eu nwj&nwj rd mM+ jgk gSµns'k esa vkSj dky
esa&euksjFkkukexfruZfo|rs! vpkud ;kn vk;kµvjs] ;g rks oqQVt gS! laLÑr lkfgR; dk cgqr
ifjfpr ¯drq dfo;ksa }kjk voekfur] ;g NksVk lk 'kkunkj o`{k ^oqQVt* gSA ^owQVt* dgk x;k
gksrk rks dnkfpr~ ”;knk vPNk gksrkA ij uke bldk pkgs oqQVt gh gks] fo#n rks fuLlansg ^owQVt*
gksxkA fxfjowQV ij mRiUu gksus okys bl o`{k dks ^owQVt* dgus esa fo'ks"k vkuan feyrk gSA
2024-25
Page 5


gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@129
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh
(lu~ 1907&1979)
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dk tUe xk¡o vkjr nqcs dk Nijk] f”kyk
cfy;k (m-iz-) esa gqvk FkkA laLÑr egkfo|ky;] dk'kh ls
'kkL=kh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus osQ ckn mUgksaus 1930 esa dk'kh ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; ls T;ksfr"kkpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dhA
blosQ ckn os 'kkafr fuosQru pys x,A 1940&50 rd f}osnh th ¯gnh Hkou] 'kkafr fuosQru
osQ funs'kd jgsA ogk¡ mUgsa xq#nso johanzukFk VSxksj vkSj vkpk;Z f{kfreksgu lsu dk lkfUuè; izkIr
gqvkA lu~ 1950 esa os okil okjk.klh vk, vkSj dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh foHkkx osQ
vè;{k cusA 1952&53 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk osQ vè;{k FksA 1955 esa os izFke
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ ukfeuh fu;qDr fd, x,A 1960&67 rd iatkc
fo'ofo|ky; paMhx<+ esa ¯gnh foHkkxkè;{k dk in xzg.k fd;kA 1967 esa dk'kh ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky;
esa jsDVj fu;qDr gq,A ;gk¡ ls vodk'k xzg.k djus ij os Hkkjr ljdkj dh ¯gnh fo"k;d vusd
;kstukvksa ls lac¼ jgsA thou osQ vafre fnuksa esa mÙkj izns'k ¯gnh laLFkku osQ dk;Zdkjh vè;{k FksA
vkyksd ioZ iqLrd ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;
us mUgsa Mh-fyV dh ekun mikf/ nh vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa in~eHkw"k.k vyadj.k ls foHkwf"kr
fd;kA
f}osnh th dk vè;;u {ks=k cgqr O;kid FkkA laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k] ck¡Xyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
,oa bfrgkl] n'kZu] laLÑfr] /eZ vkfn fo"k;ksa esa mudh fo'ks"k xfr FkhA blh dkj.k mudh
jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh xgjh iSB vkSj fo"k; oSfoè; osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA os ijaijk osQ lkFk
vk/qfud izxfr'khy ewY;ksa osQ leUo; esa fo'okl djrs FksA
f}osnh th dh Hkk"kk ljy vkSj izkaty gSA O;fDrRo&O;atdrk vkSj vkReijdrk mudh 'kSyh
dh fo'ks"krk gSA O;aX; 'kSyh osQ iz;ksx us muosQ fuca/ksa ij ikafMR; osQ cks> dks gkoh ugha gksus
fn;k gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls mUgksaus ¯gnh dh x| 'kSyh dks ,d u;k :i fn;kA
mudh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ gSaµv'kksd osQ iwQy] fopkj vkSj foroZQ] dYiyrk]
oqQVt] vkyksd ioZ (fucaèk&ladyu)] pk:paæys[k] ck.kHk^ dh vkRedFkk] iquuZok]
vukenkl dk iksFkk (miU;kl)] lwj&lkfgR;] dchj] ¯gnh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] dkfynkl
2024-25
130 @ varjk
130@varjk
dh ykfyR;&;kstuk (vkykspukRed xzaFk)A mudh lHkh jpuk,¡ gtkjh izlkn f}osnh xazFkkoyh
(osQ X;kjg [kaM) eas ladfyr gSaA
oqQVt fgeky; ioZr dh m¡QpkbZ ij lw[kh f'kykvksa osQ chp mxus okyk ,d taxyh
ikSèkk gS] ftlesa iwQy yxrs gSaA blh iwQy dh izÑfr ij ;g fuca/ oqQVt fy[kk x;k gSA
oqQVt esa u fo'ks"k lkSan;Z gS] u lqxa/] fiQj Hkh ys[kd us mlesa ekuo osQ fy, ,d lans'k
ik;k gSA oqQVt eas vijkts; thou'kfDr gS] Lokoyacu gS] vkRefo'okl gS vkSj fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh 'kku osQ lkFk thus dh {kerk gSA og leku Hkko ls lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks Lohdkjrk gSA lkekU; ls lkekU; oLrq esa Hkh fo'ks"k xq.k gks ldrs gSa ;g trkuk bl
fuca/ dk vHkh"V gSA
2024-25
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@131
oqQVt
dgrs gaS] ioZr 'kksHkk&fuosQru gksrs gSaA fiQj fgeky; dk rks dguk gh D;k! iwoZ vkSj vij
leqnz&egksnfèk vkSj jRukdkjµnksuksa dks nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ls Fkkgrk gqvk fgeky; ^i`Foh dk ekunaM*
dgk tk, rks xyr D;k gS\ dkfynkl us ,slk gh dgk FkkA blh osQ ikn&ns'k esa ;g  Üka`[kyk nwj
rd yksVh gqbZ gS] yksx bls f'kokfyd  Ük`a[kyk dgrs gaSA ^f'kokfyd* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ^f'kokfyd*
;k f'ko osQ tVktwV dk fupyk fgLlk rks ugha gSA yxrk rks ,slk gh gSA f'ko dh yfV;k;h tVk
gh bruh lw[kh] uhjl vkSj dBksj gks ldrh gSA oSls] vyduank dk lzksr ;gk¡ ls dkI
+
kQh nwjh ij
gS] ysfdu f'ko dk vyd rks nwj&nwj rd fNrjk;k gh jgrk gksxkA laiw.kZ fgeky; dks ns[kdj
gh fdlh osQ eu esa lekfèkLFk egknso dh ewfrZ Li"V gqbZ gksxhA mlh lekfèkLFk egknso osQ
vyd&tky osQ fupys fgLls dk izfrfufèkRo ;g fxfj& Üka`[kyk dj jgh gksxhA dgha&dgha vKkr
uke&xks=k >kM+&>a[kkM+ vkSj csg;k&ls isM+ [kM+s vo'; fn[k tkrs gSa ij vkSj dksbZ gfj;kyh ughaA
nwc rd lw[k xbZ gSA dkyh&dkyh p^kusa vkSj chp&chp esa 'kq"drk dh var£u#¼ lÙkk dk b”kgkj
djus okyh jDrkHk jsrh! jl dgk¡ gS\ ;s tks ¯Bxus ls ysfdu 'kkunkj nj[r xjeh dh Hk;adj
ekj [kk&[kkdj vkSj Hkw[k&I;kl dh fujarj pksV lg&lgdj Hkh th jgs gSa] bUgsa D;k dg¡w\ flI
+
kZQ
th gh ugha jgs gaS] g¡l Hkh jgs gSaA csg;k gSa D;k\ ;k eLrekSyk gSa\ dHkh&dHkh tks yksx Åij
ls csg;k fn[krs gaS] mudh tM+sa dkI
+
kQh xgjh] iSBh jgrh gSaA ;s Hkh ik"kk.k dh Nkrh iQkM+dj u
tkus fdl vry xàj ls viuk HkksX; [khap ykrs gSaA
f'kokfyd dh lw[kh uhjl igkfM+;ksa ij eqloqQjkrs gq, ;s o`{k }a}krhr gSa] vyeLr gSaA eSa
fdlh dk uke ugha tkurk] oqQy ugha tkurk 'khy ugha tkurk ij yxrk gS] ;s tSls eq>s vukfn
dky ls tkurs gSaA bUgha esa ,d NksVk&lk] cgqr gh fBxuk isM+ gS] iÙks pkSM+s Hkh gSa] cM+s Hkh gSaA
iwQyksa ls rks ,slk ynk gS fd oqQN iwfN, ughaA vthc lh vnk gS] eqloqQjkrk tku iM+rk gSA yxrk
gS] iwN jgk gS fd D;k rqe eq>s Hkh ugha igpkurs\ igpkurk rks gw¡] vo'; igpkurk gw¡A yxrk
gS] cgqr ckj ns[k pqdk gw¡A igpkurk gw¡ mtkM+ osQ lkFkh] rqEgsa vPNh rjg igpkurk gw¡A uke Hkwy
jgk gw¡A izk;% Hkwy tkrk gw¡A :i ns[kdj izk;% igpku tkrk gw¡] uke ugha ;kn vkrkA ij uke ,slk
gS fd tc rd :i osQ igys gh gkf”kj u gks tk, rc rd :i dh igpku vèkwjh jg tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; iafMrksa dk lSdM+ksa ckj dk dpkjk&fupksM+k iz'u lkeus vk x;kµ:i eq[; gS ;k uke\
2024-25
132 @ varjk
132@varjk
uke cM+k gS ;k :i\ in igys gS ;k inkFkZ\ inkFkZ lkeus gS] in ugha lw> jgk gSA eu O;koqQy
gks x;kA Le`fr;ksa osQ ia[k iSQykdj lqnwj vrhr osQ dksuksa esa >k¡drk jgkA lksprk gw¡ blesa O;koqQy
gksus dh D;k ckr gS\ uke esa D;k j[kk gSµàkV~l nsvj bu , use! uke dh ”k:jr gh gks rks
lkS fn, tk ldrs gSaA lqfLerk] fxfjdkark] ouizHkk] 'kqHkzfdjhfVuh] enks¼rk] foftrkrik] vydkoralk]
cgqr ls uke gSa! ;k fiQj ikS#"k&O;atd uke Hkh fn, tk ldrs gSaµvoqQrksHk;] fxfjxkSjo]
owQVksYykl] vijkftr] èkjrhèkosQy] igkM+iQksM+] ikrkyHksn! ij eu ugha ekurkA uke blfy, cM+k
ugha gS fd og uke gSA og blfy, cM+k gksrk gS fd mls lkekftd LohÑfr feyh gksrh gSA :i
O;fDr&lR; gS] uke lekt&lR;A uke ml in dks dgrs gSa ftl ij lekt dh eqgj yxh gksrh
gSA vkèkqfud f'kf{kr yksx ftls ^lks'ky lsD'ku* dgk djrs gaSA esjk eu uke osQ fy, O;koqQy
gS] lekt }kjk LohÑr] bfrgkl }kjk izekf.kr] lef"V&ekuo dh fpÙk&xaxk esa LukrA
bl fxfjowQV&fcgkjh dk uke D;k gS\ eu nwj&nwj rd mM+ jgk gSµns'k esa vkSj dky
esa&euksjFkkukexfruZfo|rs! vpkud ;kn vk;kµvjs] ;g rks oqQVt gS! laLÑr lkfgR; dk cgqr
ifjfpr ¯drq dfo;ksa }kjk voekfur] ;g NksVk lk 'kkunkj o`{k ^oqQVt* gSA ^owQVt* dgk x;k
gksrk rks dnkfpr~ ”;knk vPNk gksrkA ij uke bldk pkgs oqQVt gh gks] fo#n rks fuLlansg ^owQVt*
gksxkA fxfjowQV ij mRiUu gksus okys bl o`{k dks ^owQVt* dgus esa fo'ks"k vkuan feyrk gSA
2024-25
gtkjh izlkn f}osnh@133
cgjgky] ;g owQVt&oqQVt gS] euksgj oqQlqe&Lrcdksa ls >cjk;k] mYykl&yksy pk#fLer oqQVt!
th Hkj vk;kA dkfynkl us ^vk"kk<+L; izFke&fnols* jkefxfj ij ;{k dks tc es?k dh vH;FkZuk
osQ fy, fu;ksftr fd;k rks dEc[r dks rk”ks oqQVt iq"iksa dh vatfy nsdj gh larks"k djuk iM+kµ
paid ugha] coqQy ugha] uhyksRiy ugha] efYydk ugha] vj¯on ughaµiQdr oqQVt osQ iwQy! ;g
vkSj ckr gS fd vkt vk"kk<+ dk ugha] tqykbZ dk igyk fnu gSA exj I
+
kQoZQ Hkh fdruk gSA ckj&ckj
eu fo'okl djus dks mrk: gks tkrk gS fd ;{k cgkuk ek=k gS] dkfynkl gh dHkh
^'kkisukLraxferefgek* gksdj jkefxfj igq¡ps Fks] vius gh gkFkksa bl oqQVt iq"i dk v?;Z nsdj
mUgksaus es?k dh vH;FkZuk dh FkhA f'kokfyd dh bl vuR;qPp ioZr& Üka`[kyk dh Hkk¡fr jkefxfj
ij Hkh ml le; vkSj dksbZ iwQy ugha feyk gksxkA oqQVt us muosQ lar`Ir fpÙk dks lgkjk fn;k
FkkµcM+Hkkxh iwQy gS ;g! èkU; gks oqQVt] rqe ^xk<+s osQ lkFkh* gksA mÙkj dh vksj flj mBkdj
ns[krk gw¡] lqnwj rd Å¡ph dkyh ioZr& Ük`a[kyk NkbZ gqbZ gS vkSj ,dkèk lisQn ckny osQ cPps mlls
fyiVs [ksy jgs gSaA eSa Hkh bu iq"iksa dk v?;Z mUgsa p<+k nw¡A ij dkgs okLrs\ ysfdu cqjk Hkh D;k gS\
oqQVt osQ ;s lqanj iwQy cgqr cqjs rks ugha gSaA tks dkfynkl osQ dke vk;k gks mls ”;knk b””kr
feyuh pkfg,A feyh de gSA ij b””kr rks ulhc dh ckr gSA jghe dks eSa cM+s vknj osQ lkFk
Lej.k djrk gw¡A nfj;kfny vkneh Fks] ik;k lks yqVk;kA ysfdu nqfu;k gS fd eryc ls eryc
gS] jl pwl ysrh gS] fNydk vkSj xqByh isaQd nsrh gSA lquk gS] jl pwl ysus osQ ckn jghe dks
Hkh isaQd fn;k x;k FkkA ,d ckn'kkg us vknj osQ lkFk cqyk;k] nwljs us isaQd fn;k! gqvk gh djrk
gSA blls jghe dk eksy ?kV ugha tkrkA mudh iQDdM+kuk eLrh dgha xbZ ughaA vPNs&Hkys
dnznku FksA ysfdu cM+s yksxksa ij Hkh dHkh&dHkh ,slh for`".kk lokj gksrh gS fd xyrh dj cSBrs
gSaA eu [kjkc jgk gksxk] yksxksa dh cs#[kh vkSj csdnznkuh ls eqj>k x, gksaxsµ,slh gh eu%fLFkfr
esa mUgksaus fcpkjs oqQVt dks Hkh ,d pir yxk nhA >q¡>yk, Fks] dg fn;kµ
os jghe vc fcjN dg¡] ftudj NkWg xaHkhj_
ckxu fcp&fcp nsf[k;r] lsagqM+ oqQVt djhjA
xks;k oqQVt vnuk&lk ^fcjN* gksA ^Nk¡g* gh D;k cM+h ckr gS] iwQy D;k oqQN Hkh ugha\ Nk;k
osQ fy, u lgh] iwQy osQ fy, rks oqQN lEeku gksuk pkfg,A exj dHkh&dHkh dfo;ksa dk Hkh
^ewM* [kjkc gks tk;k djrk gSA os Hkh xyr&c;kuh osQ f'kdkj gks tk;k djrs gSaA fiQj ckxksa ls
fxfjowQV&fcgkjh oqQVt dk D;k rqd gS\
oqQVt vFkkZr tks oqQV ls iSnk gqvk gksA ^oqQV* ?kM+s dks Hkh dgrs gSa] ?kj dks Hkh dgrs gSaA
oqQV vFkkZr ?kM+s ls mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k izrkih vxLR; eqfu Hkh ^oqQVt* dgs tkrs gSaA ?kM+s ls
rks D;k mRiUu gq, gksaxsA dksbZ vkSj ckr gksxhA laLÑr esa ^oqQfVgkfjdk* vkSj ^oqQVdkfjdk* nklh
2024-25
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