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 Page 1


44/vkjksg
tks fy[kuk Fkk] og fy[kk x;kA vc [kqyklk ckr ;g gS
fd ,d ckj ^'kks* vkSj ^M~;wVh* dk eqdkfcyk dhft,A
(f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s)
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr
tUe% lu~~ 1865] xzke xqfM+;kuh] f”kyk jksgrd
(gfj;k.kk)
izeq[k laiknu % v[kckj&,&pqukj] fganqLrku]
fganh caxoklh] Hkkjrfe=k vkfn
izeq[k jpuk,¡ % f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s] fp_s vkSj
[kr] [ksy rek'kk
e`R;q % lu~~ 1907
xqIr th dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ esa gqbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus fganh lh[khA fofèkor~ f'k{kk fefMy
rd izkIr dh] exj Lokè;k; ls dkI
+
kQh Kku vftZr fd;kA os [kM+h cksyh vkSj
vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; dks LFkkfir djus okys ys[kdksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgsa
Hkkjrsanq&;qx vkSj f}osnh&;qx osQ chp dh dM+h osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
ckyeqoaqQn xqIr jk"Vªh; uotkxj.k osQ lfozQ; i=kdkj FksA ml nkSj osQ vU;
i=kdkjksa dh rjg os lkfgR;&l``tu esa Hkh lfozQ; jgsA i=kdkfjrk muosQ fy,
Lokèkhurk&laxzke dk gfFk;kj FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ ys[ku esa fuHkhZdrk iwjh
rjg ekStwn gSA lkFk gh mlesa O;aX;&fouksn dk Hkh iqV fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mUgksaus
ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh oqQN jpukvksa osQ vuqokn Hkh fd,A os 'kCnksa osQ vn~Hkqr
ikj[kh FksA vufLFkjrk 'kCn dh 'kq¼rk dks ysdj mUgksaus egkohj izlkn f}osnh ls
yach cgl dhA bl rjg osQ vU; vusd 'kCnksa ij mUgksaus cgl pykbZA
2024-25
Page 2


44/vkjksg
tks fy[kuk Fkk] og fy[kk x;kA vc [kqyklk ckr ;g gS
fd ,d ckj ^'kks* vkSj ^M~;wVh* dk eqdkfcyk dhft,A
(f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s)
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr
tUe% lu~~ 1865] xzke xqfM+;kuh] f”kyk jksgrd
(gfj;k.kk)
izeq[k laiknu % v[kckj&,&pqukj] fganqLrku]
fganh caxoklh] Hkkjrfe=k vkfn
izeq[k jpuk,¡ % f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s] fp_s vkSj
[kr] [ksy rek'kk
e`R;q % lu~~ 1907
xqIr th dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ esa gqbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus fganh lh[khA fofèkor~ f'k{kk fefMy
rd izkIr dh] exj Lokè;k; ls dkI
+
kQh Kku vftZr fd;kA os [kM+h cksyh vkSj
vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; dks LFkkfir djus okys ys[kdksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgsa
Hkkjrsanq&;qx vkSj f}osnh&;qx osQ chp dh dM+h osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
ckyeqoaqQn xqIr jk"Vªh; uotkxj.k osQ lfozQ; i=kdkj FksA ml nkSj osQ vU;
i=kdkjksa dh rjg os lkfgR;&l``tu esa Hkh lfozQ; jgsA i=kdkfjrk muosQ fy,
Lokèkhurk&laxzke dk gfFk;kj FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ ys[ku esa fuHkhZdrk iwjh
rjg ekStwn gSA lkFk gh mlesa O;aX;&fouksn dk Hkh iqV fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mUgksaus
ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh oqQN jpukvksa osQ vuqokn Hkh fd,A os 'kCnksa osQ vn~Hkqr
ikj[kh FksA vufLFkjrk 'kCn dh 'kq¼rk dks ysdj mUgksaus egkohj izlkn f}osnh ls
yach cgl dhA bl rjg osQ vU; vusd 'kCnksa ij mUgksaus cgl pykbZA
2024-25
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k/45
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k mudh lokZfèkd p£pr O;aX; Ñfr ^f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s* dk
,d va'k gSA ;g ikB ok;ljk; d”kZu (tks 1899&1904 ,oa 1904&1905 rd
nks ckj ok;ljk; jgs) osQ 'kklu esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fLFkfr dk [kqyklk djrk gSA
dgus dks muosQ 'kklu dky esa fodkl osQ cgqr lkjs dk;Z gq,] u,&u, vk;ksx
cuk, x,] foaQrq mu lcdk mís'; 'kklu esa xksjksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djuk ,oa
lkFk gh bl ns'k osQ lalk/uksa dk vaxzs”kksa osQ fgr esa lokZsÙke mi;ksx djuk FkkA
gj Lrj ij d”kZu us vaxzs”kksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dhA os ljdkjh
fujaoqQ'krk osQ i{kèkj FksA fygktk izsl dh Lora=krk rd ij mUgksaus izfrca/ yxk
fn;kA varr% dkSafly esa euilan vaxzs”k lnL; fu;qDr djokus osQ eqís ij mUgsa
ns'k&fons'k nksuksa txgksa ij uhpk ns[kuk iM+kA {kqC/ gksdj mUgksaus bLrhI
+
kQk ns fn;k
vkSj okil baXySaM pys x,A
ikB esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh csclh] nq[k ,oa ykpkjh dks O;aX;kRed <ax ls ykWMZ d”kZu
dh ykpkjh ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ;g fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh
xbZ gS fd 'kklu osQ vkrrk;h :i ls gj fdlh dks d"V gksrk gSµ pkgs og
lkekU; turk gks ;k fiQj ykWMZ d”kZu tSlk ok;ljk;A ;g ml le; fy[kk x;k
x| dk uewuk gS] tc izsl ij ikcanh dk nkSj py jgk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa
fouksnfiz;rk] pqycqykiu] lathnxh] uohu Hkk"kk&iz;ksx ,oa jokuxh osQ lkFk gh ;g
,d lkgfld x| dk Hkh uewuk gSA
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr/45
2024-25
Page 3


44/vkjksg
tks fy[kuk Fkk] og fy[kk x;kA vc [kqyklk ckr ;g gS
fd ,d ckj ^'kks* vkSj ^M~;wVh* dk eqdkfcyk dhft,A
(f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s)
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr
tUe% lu~~ 1865] xzke xqfM+;kuh] f”kyk jksgrd
(gfj;k.kk)
izeq[k laiknu % v[kckj&,&pqukj] fganqLrku]
fganh caxoklh] Hkkjrfe=k vkfn
izeq[k jpuk,¡ % f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s] fp_s vkSj
[kr] [ksy rek'kk
e`R;q % lu~~ 1907
xqIr th dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ esa gqbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus fganh lh[khA fofèkor~ f'k{kk fefMy
rd izkIr dh] exj Lokè;k; ls dkI
+
kQh Kku vftZr fd;kA os [kM+h cksyh vkSj
vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; dks LFkkfir djus okys ys[kdksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgsa
Hkkjrsanq&;qx vkSj f}osnh&;qx osQ chp dh dM+h osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
ckyeqoaqQn xqIr jk"Vªh; uotkxj.k osQ lfozQ; i=kdkj FksA ml nkSj osQ vU;
i=kdkjksa dh rjg os lkfgR;&l``tu esa Hkh lfozQ; jgsA i=kdkfjrk muosQ fy,
Lokèkhurk&laxzke dk gfFk;kj FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ ys[ku esa fuHkhZdrk iwjh
rjg ekStwn gSA lkFk gh mlesa O;aX;&fouksn dk Hkh iqV fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mUgksaus
ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh oqQN jpukvksa osQ vuqokn Hkh fd,A os 'kCnksa osQ vn~Hkqr
ikj[kh FksA vufLFkjrk 'kCn dh 'kq¼rk dks ysdj mUgksaus egkohj izlkn f}osnh ls
yach cgl dhA bl rjg osQ vU; vusd 'kCnksa ij mUgksaus cgl pykbZA
2024-25
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k/45
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k mudh lokZfèkd p£pr O;aX; Ñfr ^f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s* dk
,d va'k gSA ;g ikB ok;ljk; d”kZu (tks 1899&1904 ,oa 1904&1905 rd
nks ckj ok;ljk; jgs) osQ 'kklu esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fLFkfr dk [kqyklk djrk gSA
dgus dks muosQ 'kklu dky esa fodkl osQ cgqr lkjs dk;Z gq,] u,&u, vk;ksx
cuk, x,] foaQrq mu lcdk mís'; 'kklu esa xksjksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djuk ,oa
lkFk gh bl ns'k osQ lalk/uksa dk vaxzs”kksa osQ fgr esa lokZsÙke mi;ksx djuk FkkA
gj Lrj ij d”kZu us vaxzs”kksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dhA os ljdkjh
fujaoqQ'krk osQ i{kèkj FksA fygktk izsl dh Lora=krk rd ij mUgksaus izfrca/ yxk
fn;kA varr% dkSafly esa euilan vaxzs”k lnL; fu;qDr djokus osQ eqís ij mUgsa
ns'k&fons'k nksuksa txgksa ij uhpk ns[kuk iM+kA {kqC/ gksdj mUgksaus bLrhI
+
kQk ns fn;k
vkSj okil baXySaM pys x,A
ikB esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh csclh] nq[k ,oa ykpkjh dks O;aX;kRed <ax ls ykWMZ d”kZu
dh ykpkjh ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ;g fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh
xbZ gS fd 'kklu osQ vkrrk;h :i ls gj fdlh dks d"V gksrk gSµ pkgs og
lkekU; turk gks ;k fiQj ykWMZ d”kZu tSlk ok;ljk;A ;g ml le; fy[kk x;k
x| dk uewuk gS] tc izsl ij ikcanh dk nkSj py jgk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa
fouksnfiz;rk] pqycqykiu] lathnxh] uohu Hkk"kk&iz;ksx ,oa jokuxh osQ lkFk gh ;g
,d lkgfld x| dk Hkh uewuk gSA
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr/45
2024-25
46/vkjksg
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k
ekb ykWMZ! var dks vkiosQ 'kklu&dky dk bl ns'k esa var gks x;kA vc vki
bl ns'k ls vyx gksrs gSaA bl lalkj esa lc ckrksa dk var gSA blls vkiosQ
'kklu&dky dk Hkh var gksrk] pkgs vkidh ,d ckj dh dYiuk osQ vuqlkj vki
;gk¡ osQ fpjLFkkbZ okbljk; Hkh gks tkrsA foaQrq bruh tYnh og le; iwjk gks
tk,xk] ,slk fopkj u vki gh dk Fkk] u bl ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa dkA blls tku
iM+rk gS fd vkiosQ vkSj ;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ chp esa dksbZ rhljh 'kfDr vkSj
Hkh gS] ftl ij ;gk¡ okyksa dk rks D;k] vkidk Hkh dkcw ugha gSA
fcNM+u&le; cM+k d#.kksRiknd gksrk gSA vkidks fcNM+rs ns[kdj vkt ân;
esa cM+k nq[k gSA ekb ykWMZ! vkiosQ nwljh ckj bl ns'k esa vkus ls Hkkjroklh fdlh
izdkj izlUu u FksA os ;gh pkgrs Fks fd vki fiQj u vkosaA ij vki vk, vkSj
mlls ;gk¡ osQ yksx cgqr gh nqf[kr gq,A os fnu&jkr ;gh eukrs Fks fd tYn Jheku~
;gk¡ ls ièkkjsaA ij vgks! vkt vkiosQ tkus ij g"kZ dh txg fo"kkn gksrk gSA blh
ls tkuk fd fcNM+u&le; cM+k d#.kksRiknd gksrk gS] cM+k ifo=k] cM+k fueZy vkSj
cM+k dksey gksrk gSA oSj&Hkko NwVdj 'kkar jl dk vkfoHkkZo ml le; gksrk gSA
ekb ykWMZ dk ns'k ns[kus dk bl nhu czkã.k dks dHkh bl tUe esa lkSHkkX; ugha
gqvkA blls ugha tkurk fd ogk¡ fcNM+us osQ le; yksxksa dk D;k Hkko gksrk gSA ij
bl ns'k osQ i'kq&if{k;ksa dks Hkh fcNM+us osQ le; mnkl ns[kk gSA ,d ckj f'ko'kaHkq
osQ nks xk;sa FkhaA muesa ,d vfèkd cyokyh FkhA og dHkh&dHkh vius lhaxksa dh
2024-25
Page 4


44/vkjksg
tks fy[kuk Fkk] og fy[kk x;kA vc [kqyklk ckr ;g gS
fd ,d ckj ^'kks* vkSj ^M~;wVh* dk eqdkfcyk dhft,A
(f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s)
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr
tUe% lu~~ 1865] xzke xqfM+;kuh] f”kyk jksgrd
(gfj;k.kk)
izeq[k laiknu % v[kckj&,&pqukj] fganqLrku]
fganh caxoklh] Hkkjrfe=k vkfn
izeq[k jpuk,¡ % f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s] fp_s vkSj
[kr] [ksy rek'kk
e`R;q % lu~~ 1907
xqIr th dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ esa gqbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus fganh lh[khA fofèkor~ f'k{kk fefMy
rd izkIr dh] exj Lokè;k; ls dkI
+
kQh Kku vftZr fd;kA os [kM+h cksyh vkSj
vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; dks LFkkfir djus okys ys[kdksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgsa
Hkkjrsanq&;qx vkSj f}osnh&;qx osQ chp dh dM+h osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
ckyeqoaqQn xqIr jk"Vªh; uotkxj.k osQ lfozQ; i=kdkj FksA ml nkSj osQ vU;
i=kdkjksa dh rjg os lkfgR;&l``tu esa Hkh lfozQ; jgsA i=kdkfjrk muosQ fy,
Lokèkhurk&laxzke dk gfFk;kj FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ ys[ku esa fuHkhZdrk iwjh
rjg ekStwn gSA lkFk gh mlesa O;aX;&fouksn dk Hkh iqV fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mUgksaus
ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh oqQN jpukvksa osQ vuqokn Hkh fd,A os 'kCnksa osQ vn~Hkqr
ikj[kh FksA vufLFkjrk 'kCn dh 'kq¼rk dks ysdj mUgksaus egkohj izlkn f}osnh ls
yach cgl dhA bl rjg osQ vU; vusd 'kCnksa ij mUgksaus cgl pykbZA
2024-25
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k/45
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k mudh lokZfèkd p£pr O;aX; Ñfr ^f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s* dk
,d va'k gSA ;g ikB ok;ljk; d”kZu (tks 1899&1904 ,oa 1904&1905 rd
nks ckj ok;ljk; jgs) osQ 'kklu esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fLFkfr dk [kqyklk djrk gSA
dgus dks muosQ 'kklu dky esa fodkl osQ cgqr lkjs dk;Z gq,] u,&u, vk;ksx
cuk, x,] foaQrq mu lcdk mís'; 'kklu esa xksjksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djuk ,oa
lkFk gh bl ns'k osQ lalk/uksa dk vaxzs”kksa osQ fgr esa lokZsÙke mi;ksx djuk FkkA
gj Lrj ij d”kZu us vaxzs”kksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dhA os ljdkjh
fujaoqQ'krk osQ i{kèkj FksA fygktk izsl dh Lora=krk rd ij mUgksaus izfrca/ yxk
fn;kA varr% dkSafly esa euilan vaxzs”k lnL; fu;qDr djokus osQ eqís ij mUgsa
ns'k&fons'k nksuksa txgksa ij uhpk ns[kuk iM+kA {kqC/ gksdj mUgksaus bLrhI
+
kQk ns fn;k
vkSj okil baXySaM pys x,A
ikB esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh csclh] nq[k ,oa ykpkjh dks O;aX;kRed <ax ls ykWMZ d”kZu
dh ykpkjh ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ;g fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh
xbZ gS fd 'kklu osQ vkrrk;h :i ls gj fdlh dks d"V gksrk gSµ pkgs og
lkekU; turk gks ;k fiQj ykWMZ d”kZu tSlk ok;ljk;A ;g ml le; fy[kk x;k
x| dk uewuk gS] tc izsl ij ikcanh dk nkSj py jgk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa
fouksnfiz;rk] pqycqykiu] lathnxh] uohu Hkk"kk&iz;ksx ,oa jokuxh osQ lkFk gh ;g
,d lkgfld x| dk Hkh uewuk gSA
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr/45
2024-25
46/vkjksg
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k
ekb ykWMZ! var dks vkiosQ 'kklu&dky dk bl ns'k esa var gks x;kA vc vki
bl ns'k ls vyx gksrs gSaA bl lalkj esa lc ckrksa dk var gSA blls vkiosQ
'kklu&dky dk Hkh var gksrk] pkgs vkidh ,d ckj dh dYiuk osQ vuqlkj vki
;gk¡ osQ fpjLFkkbZ okbljk; Hkh gks tkrsA foaQrq bruh tYnh og le; iwjk gks
tk,xk] ,slk fopkj u vki gh dk Fkk] u bl ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa dkA blls tku
iM+rk gS fd vkiosQ vkSj ;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ chp esa dksbZ rhljh 'kfDr vkSj
Hkh gS] ftl ij ;gk¡ okyksa dk rks D;k] vkidk Hkh dkcw ugha gSA
fcNM+u&le; cM+k d#.kksRiknd gksrk gSA vkidks fcNM+rs ns[kdj vkt ân;
esa cM+k nq[k gSA ekb ykWMZ! vkiosQ nwljh ckj bl ns'k esa vkus ls Hkkjroklh fdlh
izdkj izlUu u FksA os ;gh pkgrs Fks fd vki fiQj u vkosaA ij vki vk, vkSj
mlls ;gk¡ osQ yksx cgqr gh nqf[kr gq,A os fnu&jkr ;gh eukrs Fks fd tYn Jheku~
;gk¡ ls ièkkjsaA ij vgks! vkt vkiosQ tkus ij g"kZ dh txg fo"kkn gksrk gSA blh
ls tkuk fd fcNM+u&le; cM+k d#.kksRiknd gksrk gS] cM+k ifo=k] cM+k fueZy vkSj
cM+k dksey gksrk gSA oSj&Hkko NwVdj 'kkar jl dk vkfoHkkZo ml le; gksrk gSA
ekb ykWMZ dk ns'k ns[kus dk bl nhu czkã.k dks dHkh bl tUe esa lkSHkkX; ugha
gqvkA blls ugha tkurk fd ogk¡ fcNM+us osQ le; yksxksa dk D;k Hkko gksrk gSA ij
bl ns'k osQ i'kq&if{k;ksa dks Hkh fcNM+us osQ le; mnkl ns[kk gSA ,d ckj f'ko'kaHkq
osQ nks xk;sa FkhaA muesa ,d vfèkd cyokyh FkhA og dHkh&dHkh vius lhaxksa dh
2024-25
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k/47
VDdj ls nwljh detksj xk; dks fxjk nsrh FkhA ,d fnu og VDdj ekjus okyh
xk; iqjksfgr dks ns nh xbZA ns[kk fd nqcZy xk; mlosQ pys tkus ls izlUu ugha
gqbZ] ojap ml fnu og Hkw[kh [kM+h jgh] pkjk Nqvk rd ughaA ekb ykWMZ! ftl
ns'k osQ i'kqvksa osQ fcNM+rs le; ;g n'kk gksrh gS] ogk¡ euq";ksa dh oSQlh n'kk
gks ldrh gS] bldk vank”k yxkuk dfBu ugha gSA
vkxs Hkh bl ns'k esa tks izèkku 'kkld vk,] var esa mudks tkuk iM+kA blls
vkidk tkuk Hkh ijaijk dh pky ls oqQN vyx ugha gS] rFkkfi vkiosQ
'kklu&dky dk ukVd ?kksj nq[kkar gS] vkSj vfèkd vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd
n'kZd rks D;k] Lo;a lw=kèkkj Hkh ugha tkurk Fkk fd mlus tks [ksy lq[kkar le>dj
[ksyuk vkajHk fd;k Fkk] og nq[kkar gks tkosxkA ftlosQ vkfn esa lq[k Fkk] eè; esa
lhek ls ckgj lq[k Fkk] mldk var ,sls ?kksj nq[k osQ lkFk oSQls gqvk\ vkg!
?keaMh f[kykM+h le>rk gS fd nwljksa dks viuh yhyk fn[kkrk gw¡A foaQrq ijns osQ
ihNs ,d vkSj gh yhyke; dh yhyk gks jgh gS] ;g mls [kcj ugha!
bl ckj cacbZ* esa mrjdj ekb ykWMZ! vkius tks bjkns ”kkfgj fd, Fks] ”kjk
nsf[k, rks muesa ls dkSu&dkSu iwjs gq,\ vkius dgk Fkk fd ;gk¡ ls tkrs le;
Hkkjro"kZ dks ,slk dj tkm¡Qxk fd esjs ckn vkus okys cMs+ ykVksa dks o"kks± rd oqQN
djuk u iM+sxk] os fdrus gh o"kks± lq[k dh uhan lkssrs jgsaxsA foaQrq ckr myVh gqbZA
vkidks Lo;a bl ckj cspSuh mBkuh iM+h gS vkSj bl ns'k esa tSlh v'kkafr vki
iSQyk pys gSa] mlosQ feVkus esa vkiosQ in ij vkus okyksa dks u tkus dc rd
uhan vkSj Hkw[k gjke djuk iM+sxkA bl ckj vkius viuk fcLrjk xje jk[k ij
j[kk gS vkSj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks xje ros ij ikuh dh cw¡nksa dh Hkk¡fr upk;k gSA vki
Lo;a Hkh [kq'k u gks losQ vkSj ;gk¡ dh iztk dks lq[kh u gksus fn;k] bldk yksxksa
osQ fpÙk ij cM+k gh nq[k gSA
* orZeku esa eaqcbZ
2024-25
Page 5


44/vkjksg
tks fy[kuk Fkk] og fy[kk x;kA vc [kqyklk ckr ;g gS
fd ,d ckj ^'kks* vkSj ^M~;wVh* dk eqdkfcyk dhft,A
(f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s)
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr
tUe% lu~~ 1865] xzke xqfM+;kuh] f”kyk jksgrd
(gfj;k.kk)
izeq[k laiknu % v[kckj&,&pqukj] fganqLrku]
fganh caxoklh] Hkkjrfe=k vkfn
izeq[k jpuk,¡ % f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s] fp_s vkSj
[kr] [ksy rek'kk
e`R;q % lu~~ 1907
xqIr th dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ esa gqbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus fganh lh[khA fofèkor~ f'k{kk fefMy
rd izkIr dh] exj Lokè;k; ls dkI
+
kQh Kku vftZr fd;kA os [kM+h cksyh vkSj
vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; dks LFkkfir djus okys ys[kdksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgsa
Hkkjrsanq&;qx vkSj f}osnh&;qx osQ chp dh dM+h osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
ckyeqoaqQn xqIr jk"Vªh; uotkxj.k osQ lfozQ; i=kdkj FksA ml nkSj osQ vU;
i=kdkjksa dh rjg os lkfgR;&l``tu esa Hkh lfozQ; jgsA i=kdkfjrk muosQ fy,
Lokèkhurk&laxzke dk gfFk;kj FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ ys[ku esa fuHkhZdrk iwjh
rjg ekStwn gSA lkFk gh mlesa O;aX;&fouksn dk Hkh iqV fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mUgksaus
ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh oqQN jpukvksa osQ vuqokn Hkh fd,A os 'kCnksa osQ vn~Hkqr
ikj[kh FksA vufLFkjrk 'kCn dh 'kq¼rk dks ysdj mUgksaus egkohj izlkn f}osnh ls
yach cgl dhA bl rjg osQ vU; vusd 'kCnksa ij mUgksaus cgl pykbZA
2024-25
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k/45
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k mudh lokZfèkd p£pr O;aX; Ñfr ^f'ko'kaHkq osQ fp_s* dk
,d va'k gSA ;g ikB ok;ljk; d”kZu (tks 1899&1904 ,oa 1904&1905 rd
nks ckj ok;ljk; jgs) osQ 'kklu esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fLFkfr dk [kqyklk djrk gSA
dgus dks muosQ 'kklu dky esa fodkl osQ cgqr lkjs dk;Z gq,] u,&u, vk;ksx
cuk, x,] foaQrq mu lcdk mís'; 'kklu esa xksjksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djuk ,oa
lkFk gh bl ns'k osQ lalk/uksa dk vaxzs”kksa osQ fgr esa lokZsÙke mi;ksx djuk FkkA
gj Lrj ij d”kZu us vaxzs”kksa dk opZLo LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dhA os ljdkjh
fujaoqQ'krk osQ i{kèkj FksA fygktk izsl dh Lora=krk rd ij mUgksaus izfrca/ yxk
fn;kA varr% dkSafly esa euilan vaxzs”k lnL; fu;qDr djokus osQ eqís ij mUgsa
ns'k&fons'k nksuksa txgksa ij uhpk ns[kuk iM+kA {kqC/ gksdj mUgksaus bLrhI
+
kQk ns fn;k
vkSj okil baXySaM pys x,A
ikB esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh csclh] nq[k ,oa ykpkjh dks O;aX;kRed <ax ls ykWMZ d”kZu
dh ykpkjh ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ;g fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh
xbZ gS fd 'kklu osQ vkrrk;h :i ls gj fdlh dks d"V gksrk gSµ pkgs og
lkekU; turk gks ;k fiQj ykWMZ d”kZu tSlk ok;ljk;A ;g ml le; fy[kk x;k
x| dk uewuk gS] tc izsl ij ikcanh dk nkSj py jgk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa
fouksnfiz;rk] pqycqykiu] lathnxh] uohu Hkk"kk&iz;ksx ,oa jokuxh osQ lkFk gh ;g
,d lkgfld x| dk Hkh uewuk gSA
ckyeqoqaQn xqIr/45
2024-25
46/vkjksg
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k
ekb ykWMZ! var dks vkiosQ 'kklu&dky dk bl ns'k esa var gks x;kA vc vki
bl ns'k ls vyx gksrs gSaA bl lalkj esa lc ckrksa dk var gSA blls vkiosQ
'kklu&dky dk Hkh var gksrk] pkgs vkidh ,d ckj dh dYiuk osQ vuqlkj vki
;gk¡ osQ fpjLFkkbZ okbljk; Hkh gks tkrsA foaQrq bruh tYnh og le; iwjk gks
tk,xk] ,slk fopkj u vki gh dk Fkk] u bl ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa dkA blls tku
iM+rk gS fd vkiosQ vkSj ;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ chp esa dksbZ rhljh 'kfDr vkSj
Hkh gS] ftl ij ;gk¡ okyksa dk rks D;k] vkidk Hkh dkcw ugha gSA
fcNM+u&le; cM+k d#.kksRiknd gksrk gSA vkidks fcNM+rs ns[kdj vkt ân;
esa cM+k nq[k gSA ekb ykWMZ! vkiosQ nwljh ckj bl ns'k esa vkus ls Hkkjroklh fdlh
izdkj izlUu u FksA os ;gh pkgrs Fks fd vki fiQj u vkosaA ij vki vk, vkSj
mlls ;gk¡ osQ yksx cgqr gh nqf[kr gq,A os fnu&jkr ;gh eukrs Fks fd tYn Jheku~
;gk¡ ls ièkkjsaA ij vgks! vkt vkiosQ tkus ij g"kZ dh txg fo"kkn gksrk gSA blh
ls tkuk fd fcNM+u&le; cM+k d#.kksRiknd gksrk gS] cM+k ifo=k] cM+k fueZy vkSj
cM+k dksey gksrk gSA oSj&Hkko NwVdj 'kkar jl dk vkfoHkkZo ml le; gksrk gSA
ekb ykWMZ dk ns'k ns[kus dk bl nhu czkã.k dks dHkh bl tUe esa lkSHkkX; ugha
gqvkA blls ugha tkurk fd ogk¡ fcNM+us osQ le; yksxksa dk D;k Hkko gksrk gSA ij
bl ns'k osQ i'kq&if{k;ksa dks Hkh fcNM+us osQ le; mnkl ns[kk gSA ,d ckj f'ko'kaHkq
osQ nks xk;sa FkhaA muesa ,d vfèkd cyokyh FkhA og dHkh&dHkh vius lhaxksa dh
2024-25
fonkbZ&laHkk"k.k/47
VDdj ls nwljh detksj xk; dks fxjk nsrh FkhA ,d fnu og VDdj ekjus okyh
xk; iqjksfgr dks ns nh xbZA ns[kk fd nqcZy xk; mlosQ pys tkus ls izlUu ugha
gqbZ] ojap ml fnu og Hkw[kh [kM+h jgh] pkjk Nqvk rd ughaA ekb ykWMZ! ftl
ns'k osQ i'kqvksa osQ fcNM+rs le; ;g n'kk gksrh gS] ogk¡ euq";ksa dh oSQlh n'kk
gks ldrh gS] bldk vank”k yxkuk dfBu ugha gSA
vkxs Hkh bl ns'k esa tks izèkku 'kkld vk,] var esa mudks tkuk iM+kA blls
vkidk tkuk Hkh ijaijk dh pky ls oqQN vyx ugha gS] rFkkfi vkiosQ
'kklu&dky dk ukVd ?kksj nq[kkar gS] vkSj vfèkd vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd
n'kZd rks D;k] Lo;a lw=kèkkj Hkh ugha tkurk Fkk fd mlus tks [ksy lq[kkar le>dj
[ksyuk vkajHk fd;k Fkk] og nq[kkar gks tkosxkA ftlosQ vkfn esa lq[k Fkk] eè; esa
lhek ls ckgj lq[k Fkk] mldk var ,sls ?kksj nq[k osQ lkFk oSQls gqvk\ vkg!
?keaMh f[kykM+h le>rk gS fd nwljksa dks viuh yhyk fn[kkrk gw¡A foaQrq ijns osQ
ihNs ,d vkSj gh yhyke; dh yhyk gks jgh gS] ;g mls [kcj ugha!
bl ckj cacbZ* esa mrjdj ekb ykWMZ! vkius tks bjkns ”kkfgj fd, Fks] ”kjk
nsf[k, rks muesa ls dkSu&dkSu iwjs gq,\ vkius dgk Fkk fd ;gk¡ ls tkrs le;
Hkkjro"kZ dks ,slk dj tkm¡Qxk fd esjs ckn vkus okys cMs+ ykVksa dks o"kks± rd oqQN
djuk u iM+sxk] os fdrus gh o"kks± lq[k dh uhan lkssrs jgsaxsA foaQrq ckr myVh gqbZA
vkidks Lo;a bl ckj cspSuh mBkuh iM+h gS vkSj bl ns'k esa tSlh v'kkafr vki
iSQyk pys gSa] mlosQ feVkus esa vkiosQ in ij vkus okyksa dks u tkus dc rd
uhan vkSj Hkw[k gjke djuk iM+sxkA bl ckj vkius viuk fcLrjk xje jk[k ij
j[kk gS vkSj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks xje ros ij ikuh dh cw¡nksa dh Hkk¡fr upk;k gSA vki
Lo;a Hkh [kq'k u gks losQ vkSj ;gk¡ dh iztk dks lq[kh u gksus fn;k] bldk yksxksa
osQ fpÙk ij cM+k gh nq[k gSA
* orZeku esa eaqcbZ
2024-25
48/vkjksg
fopkfj, rks] D;k 'kku vkidh bl ns'k esa Fkh vkSj vc D;k gks xbZ! fdrus
m¡Qps gksdj vki fdrus uhps fxjs! vfyI
+
kQ ySyk osQ vygnhu us fpjkx jxM+dj
vkSj vcqyglu us cxnkn osQ [kyhI
+
kQk dh xíh ij vk¡[k [kksydj og 'kku u
ns[kh] tks fnYyh&njckj esa vkius ns[khA vkidh vkSj vkidh ysMh dh oqQlhZ lksus
dh Fkh vkSj vkiosQ izHkq egkjkt osQ NksVs HkkbZ vkSj mudh iRuh dh pk¡nh dhA
vki nkfgus Fks] og ck,¡] vki izFke Fks] og nwljsA bl ns'k osQ lc jbZlksa us
vkidks lyke igys fd;k vkSj ckn'kkg osQ HkkbZ dks ihNsA tqywl esa vkidk gkFkh
lcls vkxs vkSj lcls m¡Qpk Fkk_ gkSnk] p¡oj] N=k vkfn lcls c<+&p<+dj FksA
lkjka'k ;g gS fd bZ'oj vkSj egkjkt ,MoMZ osQ ckn bl ns'k esa vki gh dk ,d
ntkZ FkkA foaQrq vc ns[krs gSa fd taxh ykV osQ eqdkcys esa vkius iV[kuh [kkbZ]
flj osQ cy uhps vk jgs! vkiosQ Lons'k esa ogh m¡Qps ekus x,] vkidks lkI
+
kQ
uhpk ns[kuk iM+k! in&R;kx dh èkedh ls Hkh m¡Qps u gks losQA
vki cgqr èkhj&xaHkhj izfl¼ FksA ml lkjh èkhjrk&xaHkhjrk dk vkius bl ckj
dkSafly esa csdkuwuh dkuwu ikl djrs vkSj dUkoksosQ'ku oDr`rk nsrs le; fnokyk
fudky fn;kA ;g fnokyk rks bl ns'k esa gqvkA mèkj foyk;r esa vkiosQ ckj&ckj
bLrhI
+
kQk nsus dh èkedh us izdk'k dj fn;k fd tM+ fgy xbZ gSA var esa ogk¡ Hkh
vkidks fnokfy;k gksuk iM+k vkSj èkhjrk&xaHkhjrk osQ lkFk n`<+rk dks Hkh frykatfy
nsuh iM+hA bl ns'k osQ gkfde vkidh rky ij ukprs Fks] jktk&egkjktk Mksjh
fgykus ls lkeus gkFk ck¡èks gkftj gksrs FksA vkiosQ ,d b'kkjs esa izy; gksrh FkhA
fdrus gh jktksa dks e^h osQ f[kykSus dh Hkk¡fr vkius rksM+&iQksM+ MkykA fdrus gh
e^h&dkB osQ f[kykSus vkidh Ñik osQ tknw ls cMs+&cMs+ inkfèkdkjh cu x,A
vkiosQ bl b'kkjs esa bl ns'k dh f'k{kk ik;eky gks xbZ] Lokèkhurk mM+ xbZA cax
ns'k osQ flj ij vkjg j[kk x;kA vkg] brus cMs+ ekb ykWMZ dk ;g ntkZ gqvk fd
iQkSth vI
+
kQlj muosQ bfPNr in ij fu;r u gks ldk vkSj mudks mlh xqLls osQ
ekjs bLrhI
+
kQk nkf[ky djuk iM+k] og Hkh ea”kwj gks x;kA mudk j[kk;k ,d vkneh
ukSdj u j[kk] myVk mUgha dks fudy tkus dk gqDe feyk!
2024-25
Read More
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FAQs on NCERT Textbook - Balmukund - NCERT Books & Solutions for Humanities - Humanities/Arts

1. What is the NCERT textbook Balmukund about?
Ans. The NCERT textbook Balmukund is a book that covers a specific subject or topic. Without further information, it is difficult to provide specific details about the content of the book.
2. Is the NCERT textbook Balmukund available in multiple languages?
Ans. No, the NCERT textbook Balmukund is available only in the same language as the article title. It is important to note that NCERT textbooks are generally published in multiple languages, but the specific availability may vary for each book.
3. Where can I find the NCERT textbook Balmukund?
Ans. The NCERT textbook Balmukund can be found in various places. It is commonly available in bookstores, online platforms, and educational institutions. Additionally, it can also be downloaded from official websites or digital platforms provided by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
4. Are there any supplementary materials or resources available for the NCERT textbook Balmukund?
Ans. Yes, there might be supplementary materials or resources available for the NCERT textbook Balmukund. These additional materials can include question banks, solutions, practice exercises, and online resources provided by NCERT or other educational platforms. It is recommended to check the official NCERT website or consult with teachers or educational experts for specific supplementary resources related to Balmukund.
5. Is the NCERT textbook Balmukund suitable for competitive exams?
Ans. The suitability of the NCERT textbook Balmukund for competitive exams depends on the specific exam and its syllabus. NCERT textbooks are generally considered as foundational resources for various competitive exams, including national-level exams. However, it is important to cross-reference the exam syllabus with the content of Balmukund to ensure comprehensive coverage. Additionally, aspirants may need to refer to additional reference books or study materials to supplement their preparation for competitive exams.
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